16. The Endocrine System

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

Where do second messengers typically relay signals within a cell?

Which second messenger remains in the membrane after the cleavage of PIP2?

What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell?

Which of the following does not require the release of a first messenger in signal transduction?

Which type of hormones require the use of secondary messengers to exert their effects?

Which of these is a membrane-bound receptor?

Which second messenger most directly causes calcium ions to be released from intracellular stores?

What can cause upregulation of a target cell's receptors?

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to which of the following?

How does a nonsteroid hormone effect change in a target cell?

In the context of membrane-bound receptors, what is a second messenger?

What is the second messenger in the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway?

What type of hormones use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response?

Which of these acts as a second messenger in cellular signaling pathways?