12. The Central Nervous System

Which of the following actions does the central nervous system play a role in?

The diencephalon is ________________ to the brainstem and ________________ to the cerebellum.

Neil says that all cortical areas of the brain are found around the outer edge (or surface) of the brain. Is he correct?

Mark the following statements as true or false. If the statement is false, correct it to make it a true statement.

a. Aggregates of Golgi apparatus and lysosomes form dark-staining Nissl bodies within the cell body.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If the statement is false, correct it to make it a true statement.

b. The axon contains a high density of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If the statement is false, correct it to make it a true statement.

c. Axons arise from the axon hillock.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If the statement is false, correct it to make it a true statement.

d. Substances can move toward or away from the cell body through the axon via fast axonal transport.

An axon is best defined as a process that:

a. transmits signals only toward the cell body.

b. can generate action potentials.

c. transmits signals only away from the cell body.

d. cannot generate action potentials

Fill in the blanks: The myelinated segment of an axon that is covered by a glial cell is called a/an_______ ; the gaps between glial cells where _____the axolemma is exposed are called          .

Which of the following statements about the general functions of the nervous system is false?

a. The three primary functions of the nervous system include sensory, integrative, and motor functions.

b. The integrative functions of the nervous system are its processing functions.

c. Sensory stimuli are transmitted on sensory efferent fibers to a sensory receptor.

d. Motor functions are carried out by fibers that carry signals to an effector.

Why must a cell body be intact for an axon to regenerate? (Hint: What structure is housed only in the cell body, and what are its functions?)

The central nervous system is responsible for:

a. integrative functions.

b. sensory functions.

c. motor functions.

d. Both b and c are correct.

Mark the following statements about the brain as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Humans use only 10% of their brains.

Mark the following statements about the brain as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. The four main components of the brain are the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.

Mark the following statements about the brain as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The right and left lateral ventricles are the largest of the ventricles in the brain and are located in the diencephalon.

Which of the following is not one of the basal nuclei?

a. Caudate nucleus

b. Globus pallidus

c. Cerebellum

d. Putamen

Match the term on the left with its correct description in the column on the right.      

____Amygdala     

____Thalamus     

____Hippocampus     

____Midbrain     

____Medulla oblongata     

____Hypothalamus     

____Cerebellum     

____Pons

a. Serves as the main 'entryway' into the cerebral cortex

b. Contains the pyramids where the corticospinal tracts decussate

c. Portion of the limbic system involved in emotion

d. Regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle

e. Consists of three lobes and coordinates movement

f. Portion of the limbic system; involved in memory

g. Middle portion of brainstem; plays a role in movement, sleep, and arousal

h. First component of the brainstem; participates in reflexes, sensation, and movement

Which statement about the cranial meninges is true?

a. The subdural space is between the dura and the arachnoid mater.

b. The arachnoid mater closely follows the contours of the cerebral gyri and sulci.

c. The pia mater is the tough outer meninx.

d. The subarachnoid space is between the dura and the arachnoid mater.

What structure forms cerebrospinal fluid? How does this occur?

Explain the importance of the blood brain barrier, and list the structures that form it.

Mark the following statements about the spinal cord as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. The spinal cord functions as a relay and processing station.

Mark the following statements about the spinal cord as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the level between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

Mark the following statements about the spinal cord as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The epidural space around the spinal cord is only a potential space.

Mark the following statements about the spinal cord as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. The posterior horn of spinal gray matter contains the cell bodies of motor neurons.

Mark the following statements on the role of the brain in movement as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. 

a. The dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra enhance the actions of the caudate nucleus and putamen.

Mark the following statements on the role of the brain in movement as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. 

b. The cerebellum monitors the initiation of movement but does not monitor ongoing movements. 

Mark the following statements on the role of the brain in movement as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. 

c. The basal nuclei inhibit inappropriate movements and are required for the initiation of movement. 

Mark the following statements on the role of the brain in movement as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. 

d. The correction of motor error by the cerebellum can occur over the long term by motor learning.

Fill in the blanks: The two components of the CNS that are responsible for maintenance of homeostasis are the_____and the______. 

Which of the following statements is false? 

a. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is often called the body's 'master clock.' 

b. Melatonin and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus increase the activity of the reticular formation. 

c. A decrease in the activity of the reticular formation disconnects the thalamus from the cerebral cortex and decreases the level of consciousness. 

d. Orexins are neurotransmitters that stimulate the reticular formation.

Match the term on the left with its correct description from the column on the right.     

____REM sleep     

____Stage I sleep     

____Delta waves     

____Beta waves     

____Theta waves     

____Stage IV sleep

a. The EEG pattern seen in the deepest stage of sleep

b. The deepest stage of sleep

c. The EEG pattern seen in an alert, awake adult

d. Drowsiness or the lightest stage of sleep

e. The EEG pattern seen in lighter stages of sleep

f. The stage of sleep during which most dreaming takes place

The part of the brain responsible for the production of language is known as:

a. Wernicke's area.

b. the prefrontal cortex.

c. the auditory association area.

d. Broca's area.

Fill in the blanks: Declarative memories are formed by the process of _____ that takes place in the_____, and are stored in the_____. 

Which of the following is not a component of emotion?

a. Visceral motor responses mediated by the hypothalamus

b. Somatic motor responses mediated by the limbic system and the hypothalamus

c. Somatic motor responses mediated by the upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tracts

d. Subjective feelings mediated by the amygdala and the cerebral cortex

In a diving accident, Arlene damages the left side of her upper thoracic spinal cord. On which side of the body will she lose: muscle control, tactile sensation, and pain sensation? Explain.

A new diet wonder drug is designed to block the release of orexins. How might this cause weight loss? Predict the potential adverse effects that might come from blocking orexin release.