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2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Nucleic Acids

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Nucleic Acids

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Jason Amores Sumpter

Jason Amores Sumpter

Nucleic Acids Example 1

Nucleic Acids Example 1

Jason Amores Sumpter

5 Nitrogenous Bases

5 Nitrogenous Bases

Jason Amores Sumpter

Nucleic Acids Example 2

Nucleic Acids Example 2

Jason Amores Sumpter

Formation & Breakdown of Nucleic Acids

Formation & Breakdown of Nucleic Acids

Jason Amores Sumpter

Jason Amores Sumpter

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HHMI BioInteractive: Chemical Structure of DNA

HHMI BioInteractive: Chemical Structure of DNA

HHMI BioInteractive: Paired DNA Strands

HHMI BioInteractive: Paired DNA Strands

Animation: Nucleic Acid Structure

Animation: Nucleic Acid Structure

Animation: DNA and RNA Structure

Animation: DNA and RNA Structure

Animation: DNA Double Helix

Animation: DNA Double Helix

Introduction to nucleic acids and nucleotides | High school biology | Khan Academy

Introduction to nucleic acids and nucleotides | High school biology | Khan Academy

What are Nucleic Acids? Nucleic Acid Structure & Function

What are Nucleic Acids? Nucleic Acid Structure & Function

2 Minute Classroom

Major Elements in Biological Molecules: Nucleic acids

Major Elements in Biological Molecules: Nucleic acids

Homework Clinic

RicochetScience

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Practice this topic

Multiple Choice

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

a) A nitrogenous base & a phosphate group.

b) A nitrogenous base & a sugar.

c) A nitrogenous base, phosphate group & a sugar.

d) A nitrogenous base, a carbohydrate, & a sugar.

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Multiple Choice

The four nitrogenous bases commonly found if DNA are:

a) Adenine, thymine, cytosine, uracil

b) Uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine.

c) Uracil, cytosine, guanine, thymine.

d) Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.

e) None are correct.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true?

a) The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented antiparallel to each other.

b) Nucleic acids are formed through phosphodiester bonds that link complementary nucleobases together.

c) Hydrogen bonds formed between the sugar-phosphate backbones of the two DNA chains stabilize the structure.

d) The pentose sugar in DNA is ribose (containing two hydroxyl groups).

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Multiple Choice

A glucose molecule is to starch as __________.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true regarding complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA molecules?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following lists represents the chemical components of a nucleotide?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA?

Multiple Choice

Based on complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of __________ to be equal to the percentage of __________.

Multiple Choice

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.

Textbook Question

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA? a. cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil (C, G, T, U) b. adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine (A, C, G, T) c. adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil (A, C, G, U) d. alanine, cysteine, glycine, threonine (A, C, G, T)

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Textbook Question

What determines the primary structure of a DNA molecule? a. stem-and-loop configuration b. complementary base pairing c. deoxyribonucleotide sequence d. hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding

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Textbook Question

Evaluate the following statements related to the synthesis of nucleic acids. Select True or False for each statement. T/F Ribonucleotides are added to the 3′ end of a DNA strand. T/F Polymerization of nucleic acids occurs by the formation of phosphodiester bonds. T/F Complementary pairing between sugars is required for copying nucleic acids. T/F Strands in a double helix are synthesized in an antiparallel orientation.

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Textbook Question

Single strands of nucleic acids are directional, meaning that there are two different ends. What functional groups define the two different ends of a strand?

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Textbook Question

What is responsible for the increased stability of DNA compared to RNA?

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Textbook Question

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? a. The two strands of the double helix would separate. b. The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken. c. The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. d. All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

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Textbook Question

If nucleotides from the DNA of a human were quantified and 30 percent of them contained the base adenine, what percentage of them would contain the base guanine? a. 20 percent b. 30 percent c. 40 percent d. 70 percent

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Textbook Question

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? a. 5′-AGCT-3′ with 5′-TCGA-3′ b. 5′-GCGC-3′ with 5′-TATA-3′ c. 5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′ d. All of these pairs are correct.

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Textbook Question

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture a. DNA. b. proteins. c. cellulose. d. sucrose.

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Textbook Question

What would be the sequence of the strand of DNA that is made from the following template: 5′-GATATCGAT-3′? (Your answer must be written 5'→3'.) How would the sequence be different if RNA were made from this DNA template?

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Textbook Question

According to the RNA world model, a ribozyme would replicate by creating a double-stranded RNA intermediate. Would you expect the intermediate to have the same catalytic activity as the original ribozyme? Justify your answer with an explanation.

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Textbook Question

Make a concept map (see BioSkills 12) that relates DNA's primary structure to its secondary structure. Your diagram should include deoxyribonucleotides, base-stacking interactions, purines, pyrimidines, phosphodiester linkages, DNA's primary structure, DNA's secondary structure, complementary base pairing, and antiparallel double helix.

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Textbook Question

RNA and DNA are similar because . a. both are double-stranded helices; b. uracil is found in both of them; c. both contain the sugar deoxyribose; d. both are made up of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

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Textbook Question

DRAW IT Copy the polynucleotide strand in Figure 5.23a and label the bases G, T, C, and T, starting from the 5′ end. Assuming this is a DNA polynucleotide, now draw the complementary strand, using the same symbols for phosphates (circles), sugars (pentagons), and bases. Label the bases. Draw arrows showing the 5'→3' direction of each strand. Use the arrows to make sure the second strand is antiparallel to the first. Hint: After you draw the first strand vertically, turn the paper upside down; it is easier to draw the second strand from the 5′ toward the 3′ direction as you go from top to bottom.

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Textbook Question

In the field of nanotechnology, DNA is used like Velcro to assemble tiny particles into structures that are < 0.0001 mm in size. Draw a model to illustrate how two particles (a circle and a square) could be brought together by linking them to short single-stranded DNA molecules. If the DNA sequence linked to the circle is GGATC, then provide the sequence linked to the square and identify the 5′ and 3′ ends of each strand.

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Textbook Question

Explain the role of complementary base pairing in the functions of nucleic acids.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following is not part of a nucleotide?

a. An amino acid

b. A nitrogenous base

c. One or more phosphate groups

d. A sugar

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Textbook Question

Mark the following properties as belonging to either DNA or RNA.

a. Contains the nucleotides A, G, C, and U ____

b. Found only in the nucleus of the cell ____

c. Can move in and out of the cell's nucleus ____

d. Contains two strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds____

e. Contains the code for every protein in the body____

f. Contains the sugar ribose____

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Textbook Question

The drug methotrexate is used to treat several different types of cancer and diseases of the immune system. It works by inhibiting an enzyme in the cell necessary for folic acid synthesis. Without folic acid, the cell cannot make nucleotides. What, specifically, does an enzyme do in the cell? Why would inhibiting this enzyme disrupt folic acid synthesis? What effect would a disruption in folic acid synthesis have on the cell as a whole? (Hint: Think about the role that folic acid plays in the cell.) (Connects to Chapter 2)

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