ATP is synthesized in plant cells by chemiosmosis in which of the following processes?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Calvin Cycle
• C. Fermentation
• D. Photosynthesis

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that ATP synthesis in plant cells occurs through a process called chemiosmosis, which is part of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
2. Recall that photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where light energy is converted into chemical energy.
3. Identify that during the light-dependent reactions, light energy is used to pump protons (H⁺) across the thylakoid membrane, creating a proton gradient.
4. Recognize that this proton gradient is used by ATP synthase, an enzyme embedded in the thylakoid membrane, to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) as protons flow back across the membrane.
5. Conclude that chemiosmosis in photosynthesis is the process responsible for ATP synthesis in plant cells, distinguishing it from other processes like glycolysis, the Calvin cycle, and fermentation, which do not involve chemiosmosis in the same context.