36. Plant Reproduction

Seeds

Classification of fruits

Animation 14.1 Seed germination

 No. An ovule contains the female gametophyte and develops into the seed, not into the pea pod. The carpel forms the entire fruit, which is the pea pod. 

 No. The ovary does develop into the pea pod. However, a pollen grain, which carries the male gamete, does not develop into the pea. 

 No. The anther houses sporangia that give rise to the male gametophyte. However, the pea does develop from the ovule and the tissues that it surrounds. 

 No. Endosperm is a food source found within a seed. The ovary develops into the pea pod, not into the pea. 

Think about which one the fruit is and which one the seed is.

A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from __________.

Types of Fruits of Plants | Morphology of Flowering Plants | Don't Memorise

Fertilisation and Post-fertilisation Changes in the Flower | Don't Memorise

Seed Germination  | How Does A Seed Become A Plant

 No. The pollen grain carries the male gamete. The ovule houses the female gametophyte and develops into the seed. 

 No. The ovary develops into a fruit, and the ovule houses the female gametophyte and develops into the seed. 

 No. Fertilization of the egg gives rise to an embryo. The female gametophyte, which produces the egg, is housed within the ovule. 

 No. Fertilization of the egg gives rise to an embryo. However, the ovary does develop into a fruit. 

The seed is inside the fruit.

After fertilization, the __________ develops into a seed, and the __________ develops into a fruit.

Seed Plants: Angiosperms

 A fruit in which other floral parts in addition to ovaries contribute to what we call the fruit 

 No. Apples are an example of this type of fruit, called an accessory fruit. 

 A fruit that develops from a group of flowers tightly clustered together 

 No. Pineapples are an example of this type of fruit, called a multiple fruit. 

 A fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels 

 No. A peach is an example of this type of fruit, called a simple fruit. 

 A fruit that ripens about the same time that its seeds complete their development 

 No. This is a characteristic typical of most fruits. 

 A fruit that results from a single flower that has more than one carpel, each forming a small fruit 

Consider that an aggregate is a collection of items.

What is the correct definition of an aggregate fruit?

Fertilisation in Flowering Plants -Class 12

 No. Fruits are produced after pollination has occurred. 

 Storage of food for the plant to consume through the winter 

 No. Most fruits detach from the plant when ripe; therefore, they cannot be food storage organs for the plant. 

 Deterrent to herbivores, stopping them from eating leaves 

 No. There is a considerable amount of energy stored in fruit; there are energetically less expensive ways of deterring herbivores. 

Think about the structures of different types of fruits.

Which of the following best describes the function of fruits?

Germination

Angiosperms: Fruits

Embryogenesis

 No. The coleoptile is a protective sheath surrounding the young shoot in grass seeds. 

 No. This is the embryonic root and the area where the hypocotyl terminates. 

 No. This is a specialized cotyledon found in members of the grass family. 

 No. This is the area of the embryonic axis below the site of cotyledons attachment. 

Consider that "epi-" means "above."

Which portion of an embryonic plant consists of the shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves?

A fruit is
a. a mature ovary.
b. a mature ovule.
c. a seed plus its integuments.
d. an enlarged embryo sac.

Dr.D's Botany: Types of Fruits

Plant Reproduction in Angiosperms

Animation: Fruit Structure and Seed Dispersal

Why is the emergence of the radicle an important first step in germination?
a. Its hook helps protect the shoot that emerges later.
b. It carries out photosynthesis to supply the embryo with food.
c. It is important for establishing a supply of water to the growing embryo.=
d. It is necessary to break the seed coat.

When does the apical–basal axis first become apparent?
a. when the epidermal, ground, and vascular tissues form
b. when the cotyledons, hypocotyl, and root form
c. when the first cell division produces the apical cell and basal cell
d. during the globular stage, when the suspensor is complete

Seeds and Germination Explained

 No. The suspensor is the result of subsequent divisions of the basal cell. Endosperm development precedes embryo development. 

 No. A basal cell is one result of this first division, but the suspensor is the result of subsequent divisions of the basal cell. 

 No. A terminal cell is one result of this first division, but a proembryo is the result of subsequent divisions of the terminal cell. 

 No. Endosperm development precedes embryo development. A proembryo is the result of subsequent divisions of the terminal cell. 

Review the early development of plant embryos.

What are the results of the first mitotic division in a plant zygote?

Embryogenesis in Plants | Plant Biology

Fruit

Animation: Seed Germination

Plant reproduction - Germination - GCSE Biology (9-1)

Fertilisation, zygote, embryo, germination | How do organisms reproduce | Biology | Khan Academy

 Repeated selection of seedlings with desirable qualities 

 No. Selection would be for a single phenotype&#mdash;a single variety. 

 Inducing mutations in the young seedling 

 No. However, inducing mutations is a tool that a breeder could use to increase variability upon which selections can be made. 

 No. Cross-pollination could produce hybrids with combinations of parental genes and traits but not multiple varieties on the same plant. 

 None of the listed responses is correct. 

 No. Grafting can be used to combine any number of different compatible scions onto a compatible root stock. 

 Grafting scions of different varieties onto the same root stock 

Is sexual or asexual reproduction involved?

A botanist had an apple tree in his yard that produced eight different varieties of apple. How was this tree most likely produced?

The black dots that cover strawberries are actually fruits formed from the separate carpels of a single flower. The fleshy and tasty portion of a strawberry derives from the receptacle of a flower with many separate carpels. Therefore, a strawberry is
a. a simple fruit with many seeds.
b. both a multiple fruit and an accessory fruit.
c. both a simple fruit and an aggregate fruit.
d. both an aggregate fruit and an accessory fruit.

 No. However, plants need water for many life processes. 

 Water activates the chlorophyll molecules so that photosynthesis can begin. 

 No. Photosynthesis cannot begin until after germination. 

 Water dissolves the minerals in the soil so that they become available to the seed. 

 No. A seed cannot do much with minerals in the soil before germination. 

 Because water has a neutral pH, it balances the soil pH and makes it favorable for seed germination. 

 No. Soil and rainwater are not exactly neutral. Furthermore, a neutral solution does not necessarily function as a buffer. 

 Imbibition of water causes the seed coat to swell and allows the cells of the embryo to rehydrate. 

Think about the relative size of hydrated and dehydrated plant material.

Why do seeds need water to germinate?

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