1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

35. Soil

36. Plant Reproduction

37. Plant Sensation and Response

38. Animal Form and Function

39. Digestive System

40. Circulatory System

41. Immune System

42. Osmoregulation and Excretion

43. Endocrine System

44. Animal Reproduction

45. Nervous System

46. Sensory Systems

47. Muscle Systems

48. Ecology

49. Animal Behavior

50. Population Ecology

51. Community Ecology

52. Ecosystems

53. Conservation Biology

[BOOK BIO] CLUTCH

What does the cuticle do? What do stomata do? Predict how the thickness of the cuticle and the number of stomata differ in plants from wet habitats versus dry habitats.

Root apical meristems are found 
(A) only in taproots. 
(B) only in lateral roots. 
(C) only in adventitious roots. 
(D) in all roots

Researchers design experiments so that only one thing is different between the treatments that are being compared. In the Hershey–Chase experiment, what was this single difference?

Plant Anatomy and Structure

A strawberry plant mutant that fails to make stolons would suffer from 
(A) too little mineral absorption. 
(B) a tendency to topple over. 
(C) too little water absorption. 
(D) a reduction in asexual reproduction

SCIENTIFIC THINKING In Module 31.1, several lines of investigation are used to investigate the time and location of the domestication of important crops. Which line of evidence do you consider the most reliable? Why?

a multicellular extension of the root epidermis

No. Root hairs are extensions of individual cells.

No. Lateral roots are outgrowths of the pericycle.

a modified root that provides support and anchorage

No. Root hairs are not modified roots but instead a part of the root that helps with absorption, not anchorage.

an extension of an individual cell that absorbs water from soil

Consider where root hairs are found.

A root hair is __________.

Plants: Developmental plasticity in plants, and Stems

Animation: Leaf Anatomy

Environmental Effects on Phenotype

No. Tissues are at a lower level of organization.

No. Plants have dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems.

Consider the place of leaves and stems in this hierarchy.

In the hierarchy of biological organization, what is the shoot?

Phenotypic Plasticity

Roots of Plants | Morphology of Flowering Plants | Plant Morphology | Don't Memorise

No. The spines are modified leaves found along the paddles, which are modified stems.

Consider where leaves attach to the plant.

The shoot system of a prickly pear cactus consists of broad paddle-like structures covered with clusters of spines. The spines are modified leaves, so the flat green paddles must be modified versions of what structure?

Explain why continuous growth enhances the phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity.

Identify the structure you are consuming when you eat each of the following: asparagus, Brussels sprouts, celery, spinach, carrot, potato.

Environmental Effects on Phenotype | AP Biology 5.5

Animation:  Stem Cross Sections

The root pericycle is the site where 
(A) secondary growth originates. 
(B) root hairs originate. 
(C) lateral roots originate. 
(D) the endodermis originates

No. The cortex is located between the stele and the epidermis.

No. The phloem is close, but the xylem is more centrally located.

No. The stele of roots is a centrally located cylinder. In monocots, pith forms the central core of the stele, but in eudicots, the vascular tissue, specifically the xylem, is in the center of the root.

No. The epidermis is the outermost tissue layer.

How is vascular tissue arranged in eudicot roots?

Which of the following is closest to the center of a buttercup (eudicot) root?

Additional organic material in a plant's cytoplasm

No. This does account for some cell expansion, but not 90%.

No. The question refers specifically to expansion at the cellular level.

Additional organic material stored in vacuoles

No. Additional organic material is not stored in the vacuoles.

No. Plants store most of the water taken up during cell expansion in a large central vacuole.

The uptake of water that is stored in a large central vacuole

Consider the differences between animal and plant cell expansion.

What accounts for about 90% of a plant cell's expansion?

Plant Cells Review

Plant Structure

Phenotypic Plasticity | Plant Growth and Development (Part 4) | Class 11

No. Opposite phyllotaxy appears to be advantageous in areas of high sunlight, where some shading of lower leaves is helpful.

Spiral (or alternate) phyllotaxy with an angle of 97.5 degrees between each leaf

No. Spiral phyllotaxy is correct, but the angle is incorrect.

No. Spiral phyllotaxy with a particular angle is most advantageous.

Spiral (or alternate) phyllotaxy with an angle of 167.5 degrees between each leaf

Spiral (or alternate) phyllotaxy with an angle of 137.5 degrees between each leaf

This particular feature has evolved very precisely.

What type of phyllotaxy minimizes shading of lower leaves?

Plant Anatomy and Morphology

Roots and Shoots

Genotype Expression

Describe the general function of the shoot and the general function of the root system. Which tissues are continuous throughout these two systems? Suggest a hypothesis to explain why the shoot and root systems of different species are so variable in size and shape.

Botanists are looking for the wild ancestors of potatoes, corn, and wheat. Why is this search important?

Palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, vascular bundle

Vascular bundle, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, spongy mesophyll, palisade mesophyll

Review the anatomy of a leaf.

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of structures from the inside to the outside of a leaf blade?

No. Only roots have a central cylinder of vascular tissue inside a cortex.

No. Meristems are undifferentiated tissues that divide to form new cells.

No. In stems there are several vascular bundles.

No. A section through a terminal bud would reveal meristematic tissues.

Consider the arrangement of vascular tissues in various plant parts.

A cross section of a plant part exposes epidermis, a thick cortex, and a central cylinder of xylem and phloem. This part is a __________.

Animation: Leaf Abscission

Shoots and Leaves

No. The internode is the space on stems between nodes.

No. The petiole is the structure that joins the leaf to the stem at the node.

No. The shoot apex contains developing leaves and a compact series of nodes.

Review the structures of stems and leaves.

Leaves occur at intervals along the plant stem. What is the region where a leaf is attached to the stem?

No. With the exception of guard cells, cells of the epidermis do not contain chloroplasts.

No. Pith is a feature of stems, not of leaves.

In most leaves, chloroplast-containing cells are most closely compacted in the __________.

Root System

No. Leaves consist of blades, and in compound leaves the blades consist of leaflets.

Review leaf anatomy.

Leaves consist of __________.

Create a diagram or concept map that shows the relationships between the following: root system, root hairs, shoot system, leaves, petioles, blades, stems, nodes, internodes, flowers.

Shoot system

Travel Deep Inside a Leaf - Annotated Version | California Academy of Sciences

Vascular Plants = Winning! - Crash Course Biology #37

No. In most plants, roots are underground and have no need for chloroplasts because there is no light for photosynthesis.

Only the shoot epidermis gives rise to vascular tissues.

No. Dermal and vascular tissues are two different tissue systems, neither root epidermis nor shoot epidermis.

Only the shoot epidermis is replaced by periderm in woody plants.

No. Older regions of both the shoot epidermis and root epidermis are replaced by periderm.

Only the root epidermis contains guard cells.

No. Guard cells are found in the leaf epidermis.

Only the shoot epidermis produces a waxy cuticle.

Consider the location and functions of each.

What is the difference between the root epidermis and the shoot epidermis?

Which of the following is an important exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?
a. Many genes code for RNAs that function directly in the cell.
b. DNA is the repository of genetic information in all cells.
c. Messenger RNA is a short-lived 'information carrier.'
d. Proteins are responsible for most aspects of the phenotype.

Internal Structure of Roots

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Biology1&2 with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors 