13. Mendelian Genetics

Punnett Square Probability

Dihybrid Crosses & The Rule of Multiplication

Genetics: Product Rule

DRAW IT Two pea plants heterozygous for the characters of pod color and pod shape are crossed. Draw a Punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratios of the offspring.

Rule of Multiplication (the AND Rule)

A man has six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot. His wife and their daughter have the normal number of digits. Remember that extra digits is a dominant trait. What fraction of this couple’s children would be expected to have extra digits?

Probabilities and Punnett Squares

 No. The multiplication rule applies to these events. 

 No. The answer is not the sum of the kinds of gametes produced by the parents. 

Consider the rules of probability.

If each parent can produce 100 genetically distinct gametes, how many genetically distinct offspring can two parents produce?

A blue-eyed female that is homozygous recessive and a brown-eyed male that is heterozygous mate, producing two offspring. What is the probability that one child will have blue eyes AND one will have brown eyes? (Eye color is controlled by a single gene).

Probability in Genetics: Multiplication and Addition Rules

 No. Try making Punnett squares for each locus and use the genotypic frequencies of offspring to calculate the probabilities for each locus. 

Individually calculate the probabilities for each locus.

An AABbccDdEeFF individual is crossed with an individual with the genotype AaBBCCDdEeff. What is the probability that their offspring will have the genotype AaBBCcddEEFf?

Rule of Addition (the OR Rule)

Calculate the probability of 2 heterozygous (Rr) parents having 3 homozygous recessive (rr) offspring.

The genotype of F1 individuals in a tetrahybrid cross is AaBbCcDd. Assuming independent assortment of these four genes, what are the probabilities that F2 offspring will have the following genotypes?
a. aabbccdd
b. AaBbCcDd
c. AABBCCDD
d. AaBBccDd
e. AaBBCCdd

Consider the possible genotypes of the woman's husband.

A woman with type O blood is expecting a child. Her husband is type A. Both the woman's father and her husband's father had type B blood. What is the probability that the child will have type O blood?

 No. Some of the offspring will have this phenotype. 

 No. Remember that the multiplication rule states that to determine the overall probability of two or more independent events, you must multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event. 

 No. Remember that both white flowers and wrinkled seeds are recessive traits. 

First analyze the proportions for each of the two characters independently.

Pea flowers may be purple (P) or white (p). Pea seeds may be round (R) or wrinkled (r). What proportion of the offspring from the cross PpRr &times; PpRr will have white flowers and wrinkled seeds?

 No. The chances of their next child having alkaptonuria are significantly greater than 0 because they must both be carriers for the trait. 

 No. Alkaptonuria is a recessive trait, and neither Michelle nor Keith has the disease, so they must both be heterozygous (carriers) for it. 

Try using a Punnett square.

Michelle and Keith are apparently healthy, but their daughter was born with alkaptonuria, an inherited metabolic disorder. If alkaptonuria is like most other human hereditary disorders, the probability of their next child being born with alkaptonuria is __________.

A homozygous dominant male has a child with a heterozygous female. What is the probability that the child will have the same genotype as its father OR its mother?

Probability in genetics I

What is the probability that a plant from a monohybrid cross of heterozygous parents, is homozygous dominant OR homozygous recessive?

What is the probability that each of the following pairs of parents will produce the indicated offspring? (Assume independent assortment of all gene pairs.)
a. AABBCC×aabbcc→AaBbCc
b. AABbCc×AaBbCc→AAbbCC
c. AaBbCc×AaBbCc→AaBbCc
d. aaBbCC×AABbcc→AaBbCc

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