20. Development

Plant Development

EMBRYO, FRUIT AND SEED

Embryogenesis and Body Axes
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Embryonic Plant Development

 No. Ground tissue does not contribute to intermediate growth. 

 No. Dermal tissue is the outer covering of the plant. 

 No. Periderm is the outer covering of woody stems. 

Consider which type of tissue is undifferentiated.

A region of dividing cells in a plant is called a __________.

 The cell will expand horizontally in the same direction that the microfibrils are oriented. 

 No. Cell growth occurs in the plane perpendicular to the orientation of the cellulose microfibrils. 

 Water will enter the cell only at the ends lacking cellulose microfibrils. 

 No. Cellulose walls are permeable to water. 

 Enlargement of the vacuole will force the cell to grow evenly in all directions. 

 No. The cellulose microfibrils cannot stretch much, so cells expand perpendicular to the rings of microfibrils. 

 None of the listed responses is correct. 

 No. The bands of microfibrils act like barrel hoops to prevent expansion against them. 

 The bands of microfibrils will resist expansion, so the cell will enlarge at right angles to the ring of microfibrils. 

Consider that cellulose microfibrils resist stretching.

In a young cell just produced by mitosis, the cellulose microfibrils are arranged in horizontal rings. Which of the following accurately explains how the cell will grow longer?

 Existing compound leaves will change to sickle-shaped leaves as the plant matures. 

 No. The developmental phase of a leaf is determined at the time it is initiated. 

 Sickle-shaped leaves will revert to compound leaves if cuttings are made from them. 

 No. Once a leaf is initiated, its developmental fate is determined. 

 The compound juvenile leaves and the adult sickle-shaped leaves are produced by two different apical meristems. 

 No. A single apical meristem produces all the leaves along an axis. When the plant goes through a developmental phase shift from juvenile to adult, the apex begins to produce adult-form leaves. 

 All of the listed responses are correct. 

 No. Once initiated, the developmental phase of a leaf is determined. A single apical meristem produces all the leaves along an axis. When the plant goes through a developmental phase shift from juvenile to adult, the apex begins to produce adult-form leaves. 

 Existing compound leaves will stay compound as the plant ages. 

Consider that developmental phases are stable once they are established.

During normal development, Acacia koa plants first produce compound juvenile leaves and later produce adult sickle-shaped leaves. Which of the following statements is correct?

Dominique Bergmann (Stanford U / HHMI) 1: Key issues in plant development

Reproduction in Flowering Plants - Development of Monocot Embryo

Fertilisation, zygote, embryo, germination | How do organisms reproduce | Biology | Khan Academy

Embryogenesis in Plants | Plant Biology

 No. Although primary growth does occur at the axillary buds, such growth results in branching, not an increase in height. 

 No. Bud scales are protective structures. 

 No. Lateral meristems play a role in secondary growth. 

 No. These are stem regions to which leaves are attached. 

Primary growth must occur in a region of cell division.

Which example below is the site of primary growth that results in the plant’s increasing in height?

If GLABRA-2 is expressed, the cell produces a root hair.

No. GLABRA-2 inhibits production of root hairs.

If an epidermal cell borders one cortical cell, GLABRA-2 is expressed, and the cell produces a root hair.

No. Cells in which GLABRA-2 is expressed do not produce root hairs.

If GLABRA-2 is not expressed, no root hairs are formed.

No. If GLABRA-2 is not expressed, root hairs are formed.

 The first and second responses are correct. 

If an epidermal cell borders two cortical cells, GLABRA-2 is not expressed, and the cell produces a root hair.

Consider the rule that controls GLABRA-2 expression.

The homeotic gene GLABRA-2 controls cellular differentiation in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Embryonic Tissues and Pattern Formation

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1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals