5. Cell Components

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiosis theory | Cell structure and function | AP Biology | Khan Academy

Fossilization continues even today. If you wanted to increase the probability that your deceased favorite pet would become fossilized, what actions would you take?
a. Place the corpse in an environment where decomposition is rapid (such as a forest).
b. Place the corpse in an environment where decomposition is slow (such as a swamp or bog).
c. Place the corpse in an environment where there are plenty of rocks (such as a boulder field).
d. Place the corpse in an environment where plenty of oxygen is available (such as in a mountain stream).

ENDOSYMBIOSIS

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which of the following is likely the ancestor of the mitochondria?

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because
a. the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes.
b. all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.
c. mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA.
d. without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur.

 No. The ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are different from those in prokaryotic cells. 

 No. The ribosomes on the rough ER are eukaryotic; they are different from those in prokaryotes. 

 free in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes and on the rough ER 

 free in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, on the rough ER, and in bacterial cells 

 No. Only the third answer is correct. The ribosomes in bacteria are prokaryotic. 

Contrast the distribution of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are thought to be of prokaryotic origin. One piece of evidence that supports this hypothesis is that these organelles contain prokaryotic-like ribosomes. These ribosomes are probably most similar to ribosomes found __________.

 No. The nucleolus is not an organelle, although it does occur inside of the nucleus. 

 No. Mitochondria are organelles that are found only in the cytoplasm, not inside other organelles. 

 No. Transport vesicles are not organelles, even though they do transport membrane components between organelles of the endomembrane system. 

 No organelles are found inside other organelles. 

 No. One of the organelles listed above is found inside other organelles. 

Where is DNA found outside the nucleus but inside a cell? .

Which of the following organelles might be found inside other organelles?

How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
a. evolution from mitochondria.
b. fusion of plastids.
c. origin of the plastids from archaea.
d. secondary endosymbiosis.

Coral reefs are biodiverse ecosystems that provide food, income, coastal protection, and many other services to millions of people. Yet coral reefs are under threat from human impacts such as climate change—many corals cannot tolerate the warming ocean water and have suffered massive “bleaching” events, which can be fatal. Researchers have discovered that some corals have the capacity to acclimatize to warmer water, while other corals do not. The researchers fear that because corals are long-lived colonial animals and thus evolve slowly, they may not be able to adapt to global warming fast enough to avoid extinction. Explain how the difference between acclimatize and adapt is important to the fate of corals.

Where Did Eukaryotic Cells Come From? - A Journey Into Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria Aren't Just the Powerhouse of the Cell

 Mitochondria, but not chloroplasts, contain a small amount of DNA. 

 No. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain small amounts of DNA that encode some of their proteins. 

 Chloroplasts and mitochondria are components of the endomembrane system. 

 No. Neither chloroplasts nor mitochondria are part of the endomembrane system. 

 Chloroplasts and mitochondria have three sets of membranes. 

 No. Mitochondria are composed of two membranes, but chloroplasts have three membranes&#8212;two envelope membranes and the internal thylakoid membranes. 

 Chloroplasts, but not mitochondria, are completely independent of the cell of which they are a part. 

 No. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles; they remain dependent on the cell of which they are a part for some of their functions. 

 Chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins. 

Consider the mechanism by which these organelles may have evolved.

Which of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?

Endosymbiotic theory is supported by the discovery of non-nuclear DNA in the ______ and ________ organelles.

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15. Gene Expression

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Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Microscopes

Endomembrane System: Digestive Organelles

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

Cell Junctions

Endomembrane System: Protein Secretion

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