All of the following are current applications of DNA technology in medicine except __________.

• A. use of genome-wide association studies to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to disease
• B. use of microarray assays to analyze the expression patterns of genes associated with a type of cancer
• C. use of retroviruses to introduce normal alleles of genes into diseased cells for disorders involving one defective gene
• D. genetically engineering organisms, from bacteria to goats, into protein factories that produce vital human proteins such as insulin, anticlotting agents, and human growth hormone
• E. clinical use of iPS cells harvested from organ-impaired individuals for the culturing and transplantation of a functioning organ in the diseased individual