26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Define and give an example of:

(b) A fixed acid, and 

 Which represents the greatest threat to acid-base balance? Why?

Define and give an example of:

(c) A metabolic acid. 

Which represents the greatest threat to acid-base balance? Why?

What are the three major buffer systems in body fluids? How does each system work?

Respiratory acidosis develops when the blood pH is:

(a) Increased due to a decreased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

(b) Decreased due to an increased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

(c) Increased due to an increased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

(d) Decreased due to a decreased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when:

(a) Bicarbonate ion concentrations become elevated

(b) A severe bicarbonate loss occurs

(c) The kidneys fail to excrete hydrogen ions

(d) Ketone bodies are generated in abnormally large quantities

Distinguish between respiratory and metabolic disorders that disturb acid-base balance.

After falling into an abandoned stone quarry filled with water and nearly drowning, a young boy is rescued. In assessing his condition, rescuers find that his body fluids have high PCO₂ and lactate levels and low PO₂ levels. Identify the underlying problem and recommend the necessary treatment to restore homeostatic conditions.

Refer to the diagnostic flowchart in Spotlight Figure 27–18. Use information from the blood test results in the accompanying table to categorize the suspected acid-base disorders of the patients represented in the table.

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How do respiratory and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems?

Differentiate between respiratory compensation and renal compensation.

The most recent advice from medical and nutritional experts is to monitor one’s intake of salt so that it does not exceed the amount needed to maintain a constant ECF volume. What effect does excessive salt ingestion have on blood pressure?