22. The Respiratory System

Match each term with the correct definition. 

Airway resistance     

Surface tension     

Surfactant     

Pulmonary compliance     

V/Q ratio

a. A detergent-like chemical secreted by bronchial smooth muscle that reduces surface tension

b. The matching of ventilation to perfusion

c. Largely determined by the diameter of the airways

d. Caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules

e. Determined by the surface tension of the alveoli, the elastic tissue of the lungs, and the condition of the chest wall

If you swallow a large bite of food without properly chewing it first, you will feel discomfort during ventilation. Explain this, considering the arrangement of the trachea and the esophagus.

At the end of inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is equal to ____________.

Predict what would happen to the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume if the phrenic nerves were severed. Which muscles would contract to try to compensate for this?

Why does air rush into the lungs during an inhale or inspiration?

When the volume of air in the lungs is the greatest:

The detergent-like substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths because it reduces the surface tension of the water film in the alveoli is called:

a. Lecithin

b. Bile

c. Surfactant

d. Reluctant

Explain what would happen to the pressure inside a cylinder if you decreased its volume, according to Boyle's law.

Which of the following represents intrapleural pressure?

Which muscle is likely to be contracting while blowing up a balloon?

Define hyperventilation

If you hyperventilate, do you retain or expel more carbon dioxide?

What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH?

What happens to the metabolic rate of skeletal muscle tissue during exercise? What waste products are produced from metabolic reactions? How and why does this affect your rate of ventilation during exercise?

Under ordinary circumstances, the inflation reflex is initiated by:

a. Noxious chemicals

b. The ventral respiratory group

c. Overinflation of the alveoli and bronchioles

d. The pontine respiratory centers

More than one choice may apply.

During inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure is

a. Greater than atmospheric pressure

b. Less than atmospheric pressure

c. Greater than intrapleural pressure

d. Less than intrapleural pressure