11. Cell Division

Cytokinesis

Cytokines and Chemokines

5. Introduction to Cytokines and Chemokines

 No. If there were no inherited centrioles, then no new spindle could form during prophase. 

 No. This would be the number of centrosomes, but the question asks about number of centrioles. 

 No. This is the number of centrioles present in a cell following centrosome duplication during the S phase and before cytokinesis. 

 No. Review how many centrioles comprise a centrosome and how many centrosomes are present in a cell prior to cytokinesis. 

Review the process of cytokinesis and also the material on centrosome structure.

Following cytokinesis in an animal cell, how many centrioles does each new daughter cell possess?

the cleavage furrow of eukaryotic animal cells.

the cell plate of eukaryotic plant cells.

the microtubule-organizing center of eukaryotic cells.

FtsZ is a bacterial cytoskeletal protein that forms a contractile ring involved in binary fission. Its function is analogous to ________.

DRAW IT Draw one eukaryotic chromosome as it would appear during interphase, during each of the stages of mitosis, and during cytokinesis. Also draw and label the nuclear envelope and any microtubules attached to the chromosome(s).

The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?
a. spindle formation
b. spindle attachment to kinetochores
c. cell elongation during anaphase
d. cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely
a. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis.
b. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.
c. a bacterial cell dividing.
d. a plant cell in metaphase.

Animation: Cytokinesis

The equatorial line which chromosomes align along during mitosis.

A groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei.

The space that is created between two chromatids during anaphase.

In animal cell cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow is ________.

Animal Cell Cytokinesis

Explain why fungi that degrade dead plant materials are important to the global carbon cycle. Do you accept the text’s statement that, without these fungi, “Terrestrial environments would be radically different than they are today, and probably much less productive”? Why or why not?

What does it mean to say that a hypha is dikaryotic?
a. Two nuclei fuse during sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
b. Two independent nuclei, derived from different individuals, are present in each cell.
c. The nucleus is diploid or polyploid—not haploid.
d. It is extremely highly branched, which increases its surface area and thus absorptive capacity.

Which of the following are primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells?

 it had two pairs of centrioles during prophase 

 No. Both plant and animal cells have microtubules. 

 the nucleolus was visible during metaphase 

 No. Nucleoli are dispersed at this time in both plant and animal cells. 

 No. Animal cells divide by forming a cleavage furrow. 

Plants have cell walls.

You would know that a dividing cell was a plant cell rather than an animal cell if you saw that __________.

Cytokinesis Example 1

 No. Anaphase begins when the cohesins joining sister chromatids are cleaved, allowing the chromatids (now called chromosomes) to move toward opposite poles of the cell. 

 No. This phase encompasses cell growth and contains a cell cycle checkpoint. 

 No. During this phase, the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate. 

 No. The question does not describe prophase. 

Review the events of each phase of the cell cycle.

In animal cell mitosis, the cleavage furrow forms during which stage of the cell cycle?

Short Video: Cytokinesis and Myosin

Cell Signaling: Introduction to Growth factors and Cytokines

Plant Cell Cytokinesis

The Greek root ecto means “outer.” Why are ectomycorrhizal fungi, or EMF, aptly named?
a. Their hyphae form tree-like branching structures inside plant cell walls.
b. They are mutualistic.
c. Their hyphae form dense mats that envelop roots but do not penetrate the cell walls.
d. They transfer nitrogen from outside their plant hosts to the interior.

 No. The division of the nucleus precedes the division of the rest of the cell. 

 No. The nucleus does not divide during cytokinesis. 

 the reduction in the number of chromosomes 

 No. Cytokinesis does not involve chromosomes. 

 the movement of a cell from one place to another 

 No. Portions of the cell move relative to one another during cytokinesis, but the entire cell does not move from place to place. 

Cytokinesis usually follows mitosis.

"Cytokinesis" refers to __________.

Mechanisms Of Cytokine Signaling

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1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy