Anatomy & Physiology

The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.

The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.

__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine.

The major calyces are the __________.

Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?

Arrange the following structures to represent the sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, and (5) urethra.

The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney.

The __________ cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall.

The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter.

Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.

The blood supply leading directly into the nephron is the __________.

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus make up the __________.

Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream.

In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?

The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________.

Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?

All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane EXCEPT the __________.

Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release?

If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________.

What structure(s) is/are part of the juxtaglomerular complex and act(s) as a mechanoreceptor, sensing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?

The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________.

Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop.

The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.

How is Na⁺ reabsorbed?

When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.

Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following?

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules EXCEPT __________.

Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?

Which nephron capillary bed specializes in forming concentrated urine?

Urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________.

Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person?

Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water?

The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate __________.

The urethra has two functions in men but only one in women.

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults?

Micturition is __________.