Textbook Question
Compare the ∆Hvap values for water, isopropyl alcohol, ether, and ammonia, and order them from lowest to highest. Explain the rank order based on intermolecular attractive forces.
12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties
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Which of the following should have the highest surface tension at a given temperature?
A
CH4
B
CF4
C
CCl4
D
CBr4
E
CI4
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the concept of surface tension: Surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid due to intermolecular forces. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher surface tension.
Consider the types of intermolecular forces: For nonpolar molecules like CH4, CF4, CCl4, CBr4, and CI4, the primary intermolecular force is London dispersion forces, which increase with molecular size and mass.
Compare the molecular sizes and masses: As you move from CH4 to CI4, the size and mass of the molecules increase. Iodine (I) is heavier and larger than bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F).
Relate molecular size to surface tension: Larger molecules with more electrons have stronger London dispersion forces, leading to higher surface tension.
Conclude which molecule has the highest surface tension: CI4, being the largest and heaviest molecule among the options, will have the strongest London dispersion forces and thus the highest surface tension.
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