22. Respiratory System

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Oxygen is transported primarily by dissolving in the plasma.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Each Hb protein can carry up to four oxygen molecules.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Hb in arterial blood is normally almost fully saturated.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. When the Po₂ of arterial blood drops slightly, the percent saturation of Hb drops dramatically.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. Increased Pco₂ temperature, and hydrogen ion concentration all increase Hb's affinity for oxygen.

Match the following terms with the correct description.     

_____Bicarbonate ion     

_____Hemoglobin     

_____BPG     

_____Carbonic anhydrase     

_____Chloride shift     

_____Carbaminohemoglobin

a. The movement of anions into the erythrocyte to balance the outward movement of bicarbonate

b. Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide

c. Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid

d. The main way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

e. Protein that transports oxygen in the blood

f. Substance that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Fill in the blanks: Hyperventilation causes a/an _____ in Pco₂ , which causes a/an ______in blood pH. Hypoventilation causes a/an _____ in Pco₂ , which causes a/an_____ in blood pH.

When a person hyperventilates, what happens to his or her blood pH? A person who is hyperventilating is often told to breathe into a paper bag. Why might this help to correct the pH imbalance?

Some athletes train at higher altitudes. Over time, this results in higher levels of erythrocytes and the chemical BPG. What would be the advantages to these changes?

When you are exercising, your respiratory rate increases and you exhale more carbon dioxide. Explain this. What will happen to the pH of the blood if the respiratory rate does not increase? Why?