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General Biology
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Table of contents
1. Introduction to Biology
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Worksheet
Introduction to Biology
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Characteristics of Life
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Life's Organizational Hierarchy
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Natural Selection and Evolution
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Introduction to Taxonomy
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Scientific Method
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Experimental Design
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2. Chemistry
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Worksheet
Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter
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Isotopes
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Introduction to Chemical Bonding
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Covalent Bonds
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Noncovalent Bonds
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Ionic Bonding
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Hydrogen Bonding
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3. Water
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Worksheet
Introduction to Water
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Properties of Water- Cohesion and Adhesion
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Properties of Water- Density
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Properties of Water- Thermal
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Properties of Water- The Universal Solvent
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Acids and Bases
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pH Scale
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4. Biomolecules
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Worksheet
Carbon
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Functional Groups
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Introduction to Biomolecules
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Monomers & Polymers
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Carbohydrates
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Proteins
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Nucleic Acids
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Lipids
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5. Cell Components
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Worksheet
Microscopes
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Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
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Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles
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Endomembrane System: Protein Secretion
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Endomembrane System: Digestive Organelles
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton
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Cell Junctions
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6. The Membrane
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Worksheet
Biological Membranes
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Types of Membrane Proteins
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Concentration Gradients and Diffusion
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Introduction to Membrane Transport
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Passive vs. Active Transport
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Osmosis
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Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
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Active Transport
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Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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7. Energy and Metabolism
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Worksheet
Introduction to Energy
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Laws of Thermodynamics
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Chemical Reactions
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ATP
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Enzymes
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Enzyme Activation Energy
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Enzyme Binding Factors
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Enzyme Inhibition
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Introduction to Metabolism
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Negative & Positive Feedback
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8. Respiration
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Worksheet
Redox Reactions
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Introduction to Cellular Respiration
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Types of Phosphorylation
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Glycolysis
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Pyruvate Oxidation
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Krebs Cycle
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Electron Transport Chain
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Chemiosmosis
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Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration
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9. Photosynthesis
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Worksheet
Introduction to Photosynthesis
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Leaf & Chloroplast Anatomy
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Pigments of Photosynthesis
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Stages of Photosynthesis
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Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
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Calvin Cycle
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Photorespiration
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C3, C4 & CAM Plants
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Review of Photosynthesis
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10. Cell Signaling
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Worksheet
Introduction to Cell Signaling
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Classes of Signaling Receptors
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Types of Cell Signaling
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Signal Amplification
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11. Cell Division
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Worksheet
Introduction to Cell Division
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Organization of DNA in the Cell
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Introduction to the Cell Cycle
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Interphase
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Phases of Mitosis
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Cytokinesis
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Cell Cycle Regulation
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Review of the Cell Cycle
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Cancer
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12. Meiosis
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Worksheet
Genes & Alleles
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Life Cycle of Sexual Reproducers
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Introduction to Meiosis
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Meiosis I
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Meiosis II
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Genetic Variation During Meiosis
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Mitosis & Meiosis Review
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13. Mendelian Genetics
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Worksheet
Introduction to Mendel's Experiments
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Genotype vs. Phenotype
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Punnett Squares
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Mendel's Experiments
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Mendel's Laws
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Monohybrid Crosses
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Test Crosses
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Dihybrid Crosses
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Punnett Square Probability
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Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance
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Epistasis
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Non-Mendelian Genetics
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Pedigrees
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Autosomal Inheritance
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Sex-Linked Inheritance
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X-Inactivation
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14. DNA Synthesis
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Worksheet
The Griffith Experiment
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The Hershey-Chase Experiment
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Chargaff's Rules
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Discovering the Structure of DNA
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Meselson-Stahl Experiment
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Introduction to DNA Replication
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DNA Polymerases
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Leading & Lagging DNA Strands
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Steps of DNA Replication
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DNA Repair
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Telomeres
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15. Gene Expression
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Worksheet
Central Dogma
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Introduction to Transcription
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Steps of Transcription
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Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing
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Introduction to Types of RNA
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Genetic Code
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Introduction to Translation
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Steps of Translation
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Post-Translational Modification
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Review of Transcription vs. Translation
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Mutations
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16. Regulation of Expression
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Worksheet
Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression
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Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons
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The Lac Operon
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Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon
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The Trp Operon
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Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon
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Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
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Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications
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Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control
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Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation
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Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation
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17. Viruses
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Worksheet
Viruses
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18. Biotechnology
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Worksheet
Introduction to DNA-Based Technology
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Introduction to DNA Cloning
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Steps to DNA Cloning
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Introduction to Polymerase Chain Reaction
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The Steps of PCR
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Gel Electrophoresis
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Southern Blotting
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DNA Fingerprinting
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Introduction to DNA Sequencing
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Dideoxy Sequencing
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19. Genomics
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Worksheet
Genomes
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20. Development
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Worksheet
Developmental Biology
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Animal Development
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Plant Development
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21. Evolution by Natural Selection
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Worksheet
Descent with Modification
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22. Evolution of Populations
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Worksheet
Hardy-Weinberg Model
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Genetic Variation
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23. Speciation
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Worksheet
Species
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24. History of Life on Earth
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Worksheet
History of Life on Earth
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25. Phylogeny
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Worksheet
Phylogeny
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26. Prokaryotes
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Worksheet
Prokaryote Cell Structures
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Prokaryote Reproduction and Gene Exchange
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Prokaryote Metabolism and Ecology
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Prokaryote Lineages
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27. Protists
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Worksheet
Protist Cells
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Protist Life Cycles
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Protist Lineages
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28. Plants
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Worksheet
Land Plants
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Nonvascular Plants
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Seedless Vascular Plants
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Seed Plants
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29. Fungi
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Worksheet
Fungi
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Fungi Reproduction
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30. Overview of Animals
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Worksheet
Overview of Animals
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31. Invertebrates
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Worksheet
Porifera and Cnideria
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Lophotrochozoans
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Ecdysozoans
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Echinoderms
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32. Vertebrates
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Worksheet
Chordates
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Aminotes
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Primates and Homonids
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33. Plant Anatomy
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Worksheet
Roots and Shoots
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Tissues
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Growth
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34. Vascular Plant Transport
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Worksheet
Water Potential
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35. Soil
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Worksheet
Soil and Nutrients
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Nitrogen Fixation
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36. Plant Reproduction
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Worksheet
Flowers
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Seeds
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37. Plant Sensation and Response
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Worksheet
Phototropism
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Tropisms and Hormones
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Plant Defenses
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38. Animal Form and Function
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Worksheet
Animal Tissues
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Metabolism and Homeostasis
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Thermoregulation
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39. Digestive System
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Worksheet
Digestion
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Blood Sugar Homeostasis
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40. Circulatory System
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Worksheet
Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy
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Heart Physiology
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Gas Exchange
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41. Immune System
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Worksheet
Immune System
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Innate Immunity
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Adaptive Immunity
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42. Osmoregulation and Excretion
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Worksheet
Osmoregulation and Excretion
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43. Endocrine System
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Worksheet
Endocrine System
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44. Animal Reproduction
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Worksheet
Animal Reproduction
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45. Nervous System
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Worksheet
Neurons and Action Potentials
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Central and Peripheral Nervous System
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46. Sensory Systems
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Worksheet
Sensory System
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47. Muscle Systems
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Worksheet
Musculoskeletal System
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48. Ecology
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Worksheet
Ecology
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49. Animal Behavior
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Worksheet
Animal Behavior
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50. Population Ecology
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Worksheet
Population Ecology
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51. Community Ecology
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Worksheet
Community Interactions
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Community Structure
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52. Ecosystems
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Worksheet
Ecosystems
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53. Conservation Biology
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Worksheet
Conservation Biology
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4. Biomolecules
Functional Groups
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4. Biomolecules
Functional Groups
5
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Which of the following functional groups acts as the strongest base?
ANSWERS OPTIONS
A
Carbonyl
B
Carboxyl
C
Hydroxyl
D
Amino
Show Answer
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