21. Immune System

Antimicrobial substances

Innate Defenses: Internal Defenses

Immunology - Innate Immunity

Redness, pain, heat, and swelling are the four cardinal signs of inflammation. It should be noted that the term heat refers to local heat, not the systemic rise in internal body temperature that characterizes a fever.

 Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation? 

Immune System - Natural Killer Cell

Introduction to Innate Immunity

 Inflammation progresses as follows the stimulus of tissue injury: release of inflammatory chemicals, vascular changes (such as vasodilation and increased vessel permeability), phagocyte mobilization, and tissue repair (healing). 

 The first step in inflammation is __________. 

The Inflammatory Response

 This is the fourth step in the inflammatory response. 

 This is the third step in the inflammatory response. 

 adhesion of the neutrophil’s cell-adhesion molecules to antigen 

 This is the second step in the inflammatory response. 

 release of leukocytosis-inducing factor   

 Which of the following is the first step in an inflammatory response? 

Immune System

The Immune System: Innate Defenses and Adaptive Defenses

 In the respiratory burst, free radicals are released. Free radicals have a potent cell-killing ability. 

 In the respiratory burst, __________ are released; these have a potent cell-killing ability. 

 Natural killer cells are not phagocytic; they defend against cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated. 

 Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells? 

 Pyrogens target the hypothalamus and raise the body’s temperature above normal. 

 Which of the following is/are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result(s) in a fever? 

 The liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc during a fever. 

 Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction do the liver and spleen sequester during a fever? 

Interferons

Innate Internal Defenses

 Interferons turn on genes for antiviral proteins. 

 Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus? 

 They cannot be synthesized in a laboratory. 

 They interfere with viral replication in affected cells. 

 Which of the following is NOT a function of interferons? 

 Inflammation usually occurs when histamine or complement is mobilized. 

 antibodies are phagocytizing target cells 

 When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that __________. 

The Complement System: Classical, Lectin, and Alternative Pathways

 Interferons are the first drug used to treat hepatitis C. 

 Cancer can be treated with interferons. 

 Many viral infections can be treated with interferons. 

 Interferons can be used to treat all of the following EXCEPT __________. 

Inflammatory response

Immunology - Innate Immunity (Inflammatory Response)

 NK cells lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated. 

 Which cells do NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? 

 Interferons (IFNs) are a group of proteins that have antiviral effects. IFNs also activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells (NK cells) that act directly against malignant cells, giving IFNs an anticancer role. 

 IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. 

 Which of the following is NOT a property of interferons (IFNs)? 

 All of the cardinal signs are related to increased blood flow into the infected tissues. 

 Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? 

 A moderate fever is indeed an innate body defense. It is a second line of defense. 

 A moderate fever is an example of an innate body defense. 

Complement System Made Easy - Immunology- Classical Alternate & Lectin pathway

 Complement usually works with antibodies in the classical pathway to open pores in the target cell membrane.  

 forming pores in the membranes of target cells 

 Complement proteins work by __________. 

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Anatomy & Physiology 1&2 with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors



Anatomy & Physiology

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Armando Hasudungan

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Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology

Kyle Thornthwaite

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AK LECTURES

MEDSimplified

1. Introduction to A&P

2. Chemistry

3. Cells

4. Tissues

5. Integumentary System

6. Bones + Skeletal Tissues

7. Skeletal System

8. Joints

9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue

10. Muscular System

11. Nervous Tissue

12. Central Nervous System

13. Peripheral Nervous System

14. Autonomic Nervous System

15. Special Senses

16. Endocrine System

17. Blood

18. Cardiovascular System: the Heart

19. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

20. Lymphatic System

22. Respiratory System

23. Digestive System

24. Nutrition, Metabolism, Energy Balance

25. Urinary System