Elastic cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue that is characterized by a high concentration of elastic protein fibers in its extracellular matrix (ECM). This composition allows elastic cartilage to exhibit significant elasticity, meaning it can stretch and then return to its original shape. The primary protein responsible for this elasticity is elastin, which is crucial for the flexibility of structures where elastic cartilage is found.

The main functions of elastic cartilage include maintaining the shape of certain structures while providing flexibility. Notable locations where elastic cartilage is present include the external ear and the epiglottis. The external ear is designed to be flexible and can return to its original form after being stretched, while the epiglottis acts as a flap that covers the windpipe (trachea) during swallowing, directing food and liquids into the esophagus instead. This function is vital for preventing aspiration and ensuring that the respiratory system is not compromised during eating and drinking.

Microscopically, elastic cartilage contains chondroblasts and chondrocytes, with the latter residing in small chambers known as lacunae within the ECM. The ECM of elastic cartilage is both tough and flexible, primarily due to the abundance of elastic fibers. Surrounding the elastic cartilage is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium, which is vascularized and provides support to the avascular cartilage. However, the avascular nature of elastic cartilage results in slower healing processes when injuries occur.

Understanding the structure and function of elastic cartilage is essential for recognizing its role in the body, particularly in areas requiring both shape maintenance and flexibility. This knowledge lays the groundwork for exploring other types of specialized connective tissues in future studies.