Sympathetic stimulation can result in a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) through vasoconstriction.

• A. no change
• B. increase
• C. fluctuation
• D. decrease

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the role of the sympathetic nervous system: Sympathetic stimulation is part of the body's 'fight or flight' response, which prioritizes blood flow to essential organs like the brain and muscles while reducing blood flow to non-essential areas like the kidneys.
2. Learn how vasoconstriction affects the kidneys: Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which reduces blood flow. In the kidneys, this occurs in the afferent arterioles that supply blood to the glomeruli.
3. Relate vasoconstriction to glomerular filtration rate (GFR): GFR is the rate at which the kidneys filter blood. Reduced blood flow to the glomeruli due to vasoconstriction decreases the pressure in the glomerular capillaries, leading to a decrease in GFR.
4. Consider the physiological purpose: During sympathetic stimulation, the body conserves resources by reducing kidney function temporarily, which explains the decrease in GFR.
5. Conclude the relationship: Sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction in the kidneys, which directly results in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).