Visceral effectors include:

• A. Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, glands.
• B. Smooth muscle and glands.
• C. Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.
• D. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the term 'visceral effectors': These are components of the autonomic nervous system that control involuntary functions in the body.
2. Identify the types of muscles involved in involuntary actions: Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are responsible for involuntary movements, unlike skeletal muscle which is under voluntary control.
3. Recognize the role of glands: Glands are also considered visceral effectors as they secrete hormones and other substances in response to autonomic nervous system signals.
4. Eliminate options that include skeletal muscle: Since skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, it is not considered a visceral effector.
5. Select the option that includes smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands: These are the correct components of visceral effectors as they are involved in involuntary physiological processes.