How is cardiac output calculated in the context of heart physiology?

• A. Cardiac output is calculated by subtracting stroke volume from heart rate.
• B. Cardiac output is calculated by adding heart rate to stroke volume.
• C. Cardiac output is calculated by dividing heart rate by stroke volume.
• D. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of cardiac output: Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute and is a crucial measure of heart function.
2. Identify the components involved: Cardiac output is determined by two key factors - heart rate (the number of heartbeats per minute) and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat).
3. Recognize the correct formula: Cardiac output is calculated using the formula: CO = HR × SV, where CO is cardiac output, HR is heart rate, and SV is stroke volume.
4. Apply the formula: To find cardiac output, multiply the heart rate (HR) by the stroke volume (SV). This multiplication gives the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
5. Consider physiological implications: Understanding how changes in heart rate or stroke volume affect cardiac output can help in assessing heart health and diagnosing potential cardiac issues.