21. Immune System

Antibodies and the five antibody classes

Adaptive Defenses: Humoral Immunity

Immunoglobulins Structure and Function / Antibody Structure Types and Function

Mechanisms of antibody action

The Immune System: Innate Defenses and Adaptive Defenses

 Usually, dead or attenuated pathogens are used. 

 contact with toxins secreted by pathogens 

 antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta 

 antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk 

 Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of __________. 

 Memory cells can circulate for years and respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen. 

 Which immune cell is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen? 

The Immune System

 It results in less memory-cell circulation. 

 A secondary response, triggered by memory cells, occurs much more rapidly than a primary response. 

 It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.  

 Which of the following statements is characteristic of a secondary humoral response? 

The Humoral Immune Response - Immunology Animations

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

Immune System

Immunisation and types of immunity / Active and passive immunity !

 Adaptive immunity is categorized as being either cellular or humoral. Humoral immunity is facilitated by antibodies, which are made by plasma cells (activated B cells). The chief orchestrators of cellular immunity are T cells. 

 Humoral immunity is provided by __________. 

Immunity: Active vs Passive

 Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies include neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation. 

 Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibody action? 

Humoral Immunity - Adaptive Immunity 

Detailed Antibody Structure

Antibody structure and function

 A secondary immune response produces as many antibodies as a primary immune response. 

 A primary immune response is initiated when naive lymphocytes are exposed to foreign antigens. Re-exposure to the same antigen provokes a secondary response, occurring faster because memory lymphocytes are activated. A secondary response also lasts longer and produces more—and more effective—antibodies than a primary response. 

 A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response. 

 A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. 

 A secondary immune response is started by naive lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells. 

 Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? 

 Naturally acquired immunity is a consequence of a viral or bacterial infection; artificially acquired immunity is a result of vaccination. Active immunity is acquired when antibodies are produced by one's own cells. In contrast, passive immunity occurs when antibodies come from another source, such as an immune human or animal donor. 

 A vaccination works to establish __________. 

Humoral Immunity

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