17. Blood

Functions and Components of Blood

Functions and Components  

Blood Components

 Neutrophils make up 50–70% of the leukocyte population. 

 The most numerous leukocyte is the __________. 

 Because RBCs lack a nucleus, they are unable to repair themselves upon being damaged. This leads to a short lifespan for these cells. The spleen has fine capillaries in it that serve to test the structural soundness of RBCs. If the erythrocytes are damaged, they will be broken up and trapped in the capillaries of the spleen. For this reason the spleen is sometimes called the "red blood cell graveyard."  

 Aging red blood cells are fragmented and trapped in the __________.  

 RBCs (erythrocytes) transport respiratory gases. 

 Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes? 

 Platelets (or thrombocytes) are derived from megakaryocytes. Platelet formation is regulated by thrombopoietin. Band cells are formed as a step in granulocyte formation.  

 RBCs are biconcave to create more surface area, which is efficient for gas transport, and are anucleate. 

 The terms biconcave and anucleated apply to __________. 

 Serum is plasma minus the plasma proteins. The buffy coat that appears between the plasma and the RBCs in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of WBCs and platelets. 

 RBCs are located below the buffy coat in a blood sample that has been centrifuged. The buffy coat that appears between the plasma and the RBCs in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of WBCs and platelets. 

 Plasma appears above the buffy coat in a sample of blood that has been centrifuged. The buffy coat that appears between the plasma and the RBCs in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of WBCs and platelets. 

 The buffy coat that appears after a sample of blood has been centrifuged contains __________. 

 Blood contains antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders. 

 transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target tissues 

 delivering oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues 

 Which of the following is a protective function of blood? 

Primary Functions Of Blood - Components Of Blood

 Albumin constitutes 60% of plasma protein and primarily functions in maintaining water balance between blood and body tissues. 

 A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is __________. 

The Composition and Function of Blood

 It is composed mostly of albumin and water. 

 Mature RBCs (red blood cells) are shaped like biconcave discs. They lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and most organelles. They are little more than “bags” of hemoglobin, the RBC protein that functions in gas transport.  

 Which of the following <i>is</i> a characteristic of a mature erythrocyte? 

Development of Platelets

RBCs, WBCs, & Platelets

 The average volume of circulating blood is approximately 5–6 liters in males and approximately 4–5 liters in females. 

 A healthy adult male has approximately __________ liters of blood. 

Composition of Blood

Hematocrit

 Because RBCs generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms and do not consume any of the oxygen they carry, they are very efficient oxygen carriers. 

 They generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms and do not consume any of the oxygen they carry. 

 They carry 20% of the carbon dioxide released by tissues back to the lungs. 

 They represent most of the formed elements in the blood. 

 Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on making RBCs very efficient oxygen transporters? 

 Red blood cells are filled primarily with hemoglobin molecules. 

 Mature red blood cells in the circulating blood are filled primarily with __________. 

 The kidneys make erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production when blood oxygen levels drop below normal. 

 Erythropoietin (EPO) is made primarily by the __________.  

 Hemoglobin is made of four protein chains and four heme groups. Each heme group is able to bind one molecule of oxygen; this means that each hemoglobin molecule can bind a maximum of four oxygen molecules.  

 One molecule of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of __________ oxygen molecules.  

 The RBC count gives the number of RBCs in a sample of blood, not the percentage. The percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood is referred to as the hematocrit. 

 The reticulocyte count provides a rough index of the rate of RBC formation, but it does not provide the percentage of RBCs in a blood sample. The percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood is referred to as the hematocrit. 

 ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, not the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood. The percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood is referred to as the hematocrit. 

 The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the __________. 

 Erythropoiesis is the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells). Leukopoiesis is the production of leukocytes (white blood cells).  

 Erythropoiesis is best defined as __________. 

 It contributes to plasma osmotic pressure. 

 Albumin is the primary protein found in plasma. It constitutes about 60% of plasma protein. It has a significant role in regulating plasma osmotic pressure. It also acts as a carrier protein and a blood buffer. Albumin is not an immunological protein. 

 Which of the following is NOT a role of albumin?  

Functions of Blood

 Monocytes lack granules in their cytoplasm and are agranulocytes. 

 Granulocytes do NOT include __________. 

 The buffy coat consists of white blood cells and platelets. The hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in a given blood sample.  

 The percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes is called the __________. 

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1. Introduction to A&P

2. Chemistry

3. Cells

4. Tissues

5. Integumentary System

6. Bones + Skeletal Tissues

7. Skeletal System

8. Joints

9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue

10. Muscular System

11. Nervous Tissue

12. Central Nervous System

13. Peripheral Nervous System

14. Autonomic Nervous System

15. Special Senses

16. Endocrine System

18. Cardiovascular System: the Heart

19. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

20. Lymphatic System