26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Water intake regulation and hormonal controls of water output

Fluid Balance

Kidney: Getting Thirsty

Body Water - The Essentials

Water Intake and Output

 If plasma osmolality were to increase, thirst would result. 

 If the plasma osmolality were to increase, ADH would be released. 

 If the plasma osmolality were to increase, the urine would be concentrated. 

 All of the following would occur if there were an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________. 

 A healthy young female’s body is approximately 50% water. A healthy young male’s body is approximately 65% water. An infant’s body is 73% or more water. 

 A healthy young male’s body is approximately 65% water. A healthy young female’s body is approximately 50% water. An infant’s body is 73% or more water. 

 Body water declines to about 45% of body mass in old age. In addition, increased body fat decreases the total body water because adipose tissue contains the least water of all body tissues. 

 Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? 

Osmoreceptors, the Hypothalamus, ADH and Thirst Mechanism

Movement Between Fluid Compartments

 Edema is the accumulation of water in the interstitial space. 

 Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __________. 

Interstitial Fluid

Intro to Fluid Compartments

 Adipose tissue is the least hydrated body tissue. 

 Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? 

 Water in the body occupies two main fluid compartments. Most fluid (about two-thirds) is in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment. ICF is fluid found inside of cells. The rest of our body water (about one-third) is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. The ECF consists of plasma and interstitial fluid (IF), the fluid in the spaces between tissue cells. 

 Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. 

Introduction to Body Fluids

Dehydration

 Urine accounts for roughly 60% of the body’s water loss. 

 The major source of water loss from the body is __________. 

 At birth, the kidneys are inefficient; these infant kidneys do not concentrate urine or conserve water efficiently, putting infants at risk for dehydration. Vomiting, diarrhea, and a high rate of insensible water loss also increase the risk for dehydration. 

 Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration? 

 Angiotensin II would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center. 

 Decreased saliva production would result in dry mouth, which would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center. 

 A decline in blood volume would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center. 

 All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________. 

Body Fluid Compartments

 The largest percentage of body water is located in the intracellular fluid. 

 The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? 

Overview of Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology 

Hypotonic hydration causes hyponatremia (low concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid), leading to cell swelling. Edema (tissue swelling) is an atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, leading to tissue (not cell) swelling. Edema can be caused by any event that increases fluid loss from the blood to the tissues, or that prevents effective return of fluid from the interstitial space to the bloodstream.

 Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells? 

 Water output occurs by several routes. Water that vaporizes out of the lungs in expired air or diffuses directly through the skin is called insensible water loss. Some water is also lost in perspiration and feces. The rest, about 60% of the total water output, is excreted by the kidneys in urine. 

 Most water is excreted via the __________. 

 Metabolic water is the water gained through cellular metabolism. 

Water intake is a catchall term for the water gained by the body, regardless of the route.

 Water of oxidation is water gained by cellular metabolism. 

 Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________. 

Water and Sodium Balance

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Anatomy & Physiology 1&2 with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors



Anatomy & Physiology

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1. Introduction to A&P

2. Chemistry

3. Cells

4. Tissues

5. Integumentary System

6. Bones + Skeletal Tissues

7. Skeletal System

8. Joints

9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue

10. Muscular System

11. Nervous Tissue

12. Central Nervous System

13. Peripheral Nervous System

14. Autonomic Nervous System

15. Special Senses

16. Endocrine System

17. Blood

18. Cardiovascular System: the Heart

19. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

20. Lymphatic System

21. Immune System

22. Respiratory System

23. Digestive System

24. Nutrition, Metabolism, Energy Balance

25. Urinary System

27. Reproductive System

28. Pregnancy and Human Development

29. Heredity

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Sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure regulation

Potassium, calcium, and anion balance regulation

Electrolyte Balance

Major chemical buffer systems and pH change resistance

Influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance.

Renal regulation of hydrogen and bicarbonate ion concentrations

Respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

Respiratory and renal compensations acid-base balance maintenance

Acid-Base Balance

Body water content

Fluid compartments

Fluid shifts

Water routes

Dehydration and hypotonic hydration

General Chemistry

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Building Great Presentations

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Critical Thinking And Problem Solving

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Embracing Times Of Uncertainty

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Emotional Intelligence Basics

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Enhancing Your Critical Thinking Skills

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Habits To Win Every Day

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Having Powerful Advanced Conversations

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How To Influence & Persuade

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Leadership Skills For Rising Stars

Listening To Lead

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Making Decisions Under Uncertainty

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Mistakes To Avoid When Resolving Conflict

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Prioritizing Effectively

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Winning Collaboration: How To Work More Effectively With Different Personalities