Which pathways compose the autonomic nervous system?

• A. Somatic and sensory pathways
• B. Afferent and efferent pathways
• C. Cranial and spinal pathways
• D. Sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system responsible for involuntary control of body functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
2. Learn that the ANS is composed of two main pathways: the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, which work together to maintain homeostasis.
3. The sympathetic pathway is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system, as it prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and inhibiting digestion.
4. The parasympathetic pathway is known as the 'rest and digest' system, as it promotes relaxation and recovery by slowing the heart rate, stimulating digestion, and conserving energy.
5. Recognize that these two pathways are complementary and work in opposition to regulate the body's involuntary functions effectively, ensuring balance and proper physiological responses to various stimuli.