What does it mean that the autonomic nervous system has 'dual innervation'?

• A. It means that the autonomic nervous system can function both voluntarily and involuntarily.
• B. It means that each organ is controlled by two different neurotransmitters.
• C. It means that each organ receives nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
• D. It means that the autonomic nervous system can send signals to two organs simultaneously.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is responsible for involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
2. Recognize that the ANS is divided into two main branches: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. These branches often have opposing effects on the same organ systems.
3. Learn that 'dual innervation' refers to the fact that most organs receive nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, allowing for precise regulation of organ function.
4. Explore how the sympathetic division typically prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, increasing heart rate and energy availability, while the parasympathetic division promotes 'rest and digest' activities, slowing heart rate and enhancing digestion.
5. Consider examples of dual innervation, such as the heart, which receives signals from both divisions to modulate heart rate according to the body's needs.