In an introductory anatomy context, what structures does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

• A. Only the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)
• B. Only the brain and spinal cord
• C. All neural tissue outside the brain and spinal cord, including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and associated ganglia
• D. Only sensory receptors and special sense organs (e.g., retina and cochlea)

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the definition of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The PNS includes all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord.
2. Step 2: Identify the components of the PNS. These include cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and associated ganglia, which connect the central nervous system (CNS) to limbs and organs.
3. Step 3: Differentiate the PNS from the Central Nervous System (CNS). The CNS consists only of the brain and spinal cord, so it is not part of the PNS.
4. Step 4: Recognize that the autonomic nervous system (ANS), including sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, is a functional subdivision of the PNS, but the PNS is broader than just the ANS.
5. Step 5: Note that sensory receptors and special sense organs (like the retina and cochlea) are related to sensory input but are not considered part of the PNS itself.