Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense in innate immunity?

• A. Phagocytosis
• B. Antibody production
• C. Skin barrier
• D. T-cell activation

Answer: (A)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that the immune system is divided into innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense and acts quickly to protect against pathogens.
2. Recognize that the second line of defense in innate immunity includes processes that occur after the initial barriers (like skin) are breached.
3. Identify the components of the second line of defense in innate immunity, which include processes such as phagocytosis, inflammation, and the activation of certain proteins like complement proteins.
4. Phagocytosis is a process where phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and digest pathogens and debris. This is a key component of the second line of defense.
5. Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity processes: Antibody production and T-cell activation are part of adaptive immunity, while the skin barrier is part of the first line of defense in innate immunity.