6. Bones + Skeletal Tissues

Bone Growth

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

 During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus for bone growth (epiphyseal plate activity) is growth hormone. The action of growth hormone is modulated by thyroid hormones. In adolescents, sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) spur bone growth. Later in life, sex hormones actually end longitudinal bone growth. 

 In adolescence, the “growth spurt” that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in __________. 

Bone

 Intramembranous ossification begins at approximately the eighth week of development. Cells cluster within the mesenchymal membrane and become osteoblasts (bone-forming cells). 

 During fetal intramembranous ossification, bone develops from __________. 

 Endochondral ossification forms the majority of bones below the base of the skull. Intermembranous ossification leads to the formation of cranial bones. 

 Most bones below the base of the skull form by endochondral ossification. 

 In a long bone, bone elongation occurs at the epiphyseal plate, where new cartilage is formed and eventually replaced by osseous tissue. This is similar to endochondral ossification, where the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton is replaced by osseous tissue. 

 Long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to __________. 

Endochondral Ossification Video

Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification

Bone elongation -  processes at the epiphyseal plate

 Lamellar bone, which is another name for compact bone, is found only in the adult skeleton. 

 Spongy bone is found only in the adult skeleton. 

 Compact bone is found only in the adult skeleton. 

 Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________. 

 Some flat bones form from a membrane by intramembranous ossification. 

 is the most common way bones are formed 

 Intramembranous ossification __________. 

The Skeletal System

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