2. Chemistry

 Enzymes

Biochemistry

How Enzymes Work


a molecule of water is added for each bond broken


This reaction is referred to as oxidation.

This reaction is referred to as reduction.


a molecule of water is removed when proteins are synthesized from smaller molecules


This reaction is referred to as dehydration.


Steroids are the important molecules made from cholesterol.



The important cholesterol-based molecules are __________.



DNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by RNA.



DNA provides the basic instructions for building every protein in the body.



DNA has two fundamental roles: (1) to replicate itself before the cell divides, ensuring that all genetic information in the descendent cells is identical; and (2) to provide the basic instructions for building every protein in the body. The whole molecule is coiled into a spiral staircase–like structure called a double helix.



The DNA molecule is coiled into a spiral staircase–like structure called a double helix.



DNA replicates itself before cell division, ensuring that all genetic information in the descendant cells is identical.



Which of the following is FALSE regarding DNA?



RNA carries out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis.



The major function of RNA is to carry out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis.



pH specifically measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.



pH is a concentration unit used to measure the concentration of __________.



Acids are electrolytes, but not all electrolytes are acids.



Nonpolar molecules are molecules that do not carry a different charge at each end of the molecule, whereas electrolytes are charged atoms capable of conducting electrical current.



Polar molecules are molecules that carry a different charge at each end of the molecule, whereas electrolytes are charged atoms capable of conducting electrical current.


Biomolecules

Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis

have more H+ ions than OH– ions

have fewer H+ ions than OH– ions

Acids have a pH below 7, while bases have a pH above 7. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. The lower the pH, the more acidic the substance. A substance's pH is related to the balance of H+ (hydrogen) ions and OH– (hydroxide) ions. A substance with more H+ ions than OH– ions will have a pH below 7, and thus will be acidic. A substance that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH– is neutral (pH of 7). When the concentration of H+ is less than the concentration of OH–, the substance will have a pH above 7 and be considered basic.


Something with a pH of 5 would __________.


Buffers help to stabilize pH. In biological systems, a constant pH is essential for normal physiology. If the pH of the environment is too low, then buffers can absorb H+ ions to raise the pH. If the pH is too high, then buffers can release H+ ions to lower the pH. This balance of absorbing and releasing H+ ions helps to stabilize pH in a system.


Carbohydrates have CHO with a 1:2:1 ratio.



An organic compound is analyzed, and it has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. This compound is most likely a __________.


Protein Shape & Structure


Buffers for pH accept or release protons.



Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in pH when __________ are added to a solution.



The building blocks (monomers) of RNA and DNA are nucleotides.



The building blocks (monomers) of RNA and DNA are __________.



Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.



Enzymes __________the rate of a chemical reaction by __________ the activation energy.


Protein Structure

What is RNA


Proteins are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. This is one reason it is so important to tightly regulate body temperature and pH. If a protein is exposed to dramatic changes in pH or temperature, it can be denatured. A denatured protein has lost its structure and therefore is not functional.



If the pH or temperature of the environment that contains a protein is altered dramatically, then the protein may __________.



An acidic substance will have a sour taste.



Acids have a sour taste, can react with (dissolve) many metals, and "burn" a hole in your rug. Bases have a bitter taste and feel slippery.



A basic substance will have a slippery feel.



An acidic substance will have a sticky feel.



A basic substance will have a bitter taste.



Which of the following is NOT a way to distinguish an acid from a base?



ATP is the main energy currency of a cell.



Which of the following is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?



All amino acids have an organic acid group. 



Which functional group makes one amino acid differ from another?



The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.



The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the __________ structure of the protein.


Three basic steps appear to be involved in enzyme action:
<ol type="1">
	<li>The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex.</li>
	<li>The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s).</li>
	<li>The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction.</li>
</ol>
Because enzymes are unchanged by their catalytic role and can act again and again, cells need only small amounts of each enzyme.


Enzymes are unchanged in a reaction; they can be reused, and are NOT needed in large quantities.



Guanine is a purine and cytosine is a pyrimidine.



Adenine is a purine and thymine is a pyrimidine.



Which of the following bases are purines?


Metabolism and ATP


Monosaccharaides are monomers of carbohydrates. 



Nucleotides are monomers of nucleic acids. 



The monomers of proteins are __________.


Electrolytes

Acids, Bases, and pH

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1. Introduction to A&P

3. Cells

4. Tissues

5. Integumentary System

6. Bones + Skeletal Tissues

7. Skeletal System

8. Joints

9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue

10. Muscular System

11. Nervous Tissue

12. Central Nervous System

13. Peripheral Nervous System

14. Autonomic Nervous System

15. Special Senses

16. Endocrine System