1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

3. Energy & Cell Processes

4. Tissues & Histology

5. Integumentary System

6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue

7. Skeletal System

8. Joints

9. Muscles and Muscle Tissue

10. Muscular System

11. Nervous Tissue

12. Central Nervous System

13. Peripheral Nervous System

14. Autonomic Nervous System

15. Special Senses

16. Endocrine System

17. Blood

18. Cardiovascular System: the Heart

19. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

20. Lymphatic System

21. Immune System

22. Respiratory System

23. Digestive System

24. Nutrition, Metabolism, Energy Balance

25. Urinary System

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

27. Reproductive System

28. Pregnancy and Human Development

29. Heredity

Guided Toc

New Guided

helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells

B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies

T helper cells are lymphocytes that organize the cellular and humoral immune response branches of the immune system. They do not directly target or attack anything; rather, they organize the immune defenses. B cells carry out the humoral response. Upon activation, B cells become plasma cells that will produce antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells carry out cellular immune responses. They target and kill virus-infected cells as well as cancer cells. Regulatory T cells are able to release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body.

cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses

regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response

Without helper T cells, there is no immune response.

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?

Perforins create large pores in the target cell’s membrane where apoptosis-inducing granzymes enter the cell.

through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane

through injection of tumor necrosis factor

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells __________.

Immune Response Explained: T-Cell Activation

Cellular Immunity - Adaptive Immunity part 1, Animation

Immune System

Helper T Cells

The Immune System: Innate Defenses and Adaptive Defenses

Immunology - Infection and Initial Response

In order for a T cell to be activated and to release interleukins to coordinate an immune response, the T cell must first bind to an antigen. It then receives a co-stimulatory signal. If a T cell binds to an antigen but does not receive a co-stimulatory signal, then the cell enters a state of anergy, or non-responsiveness.

What is the second step of T cell activation?

cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I

helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells

Cytotoxic T cells recognize and destroy virus-infected cells. To do this, cytotoxic T cells must recognize foreign antigens that are presented in the context of MHC I. Helper T cells are lymphocytes that manage or orchestrate an immune response, but they do not directly kill cells. Helper T cells are activated by antigens that are presented by antigen-presenting cells in the context of MHC II. Activated B cells are called plasma cells. Plasma cells make antibodies. Regulatory T cells dampen the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body.

B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body

Costimulation is activation of both cells.

The process that begins when a helper T cell binds to a class II MHC protein on a displaying cell is known as __________.

Introduction to the immune system

Cellular immunity, activation and clonal selection of T cells

Adaptive Defenses: Cellular Immunity

Cellular Immunity - Adaptive Immunity

Class I and Class II MHC Proteins

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