Which of the following structures are primary anatomical components of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

• A. Sympathetic chain ganglia
• B. Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves T1-L2
• C. Dorsal root ganglia
• D. Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, and sacral spinal nerves S2-S4

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system: It is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions, promoting relaxation, energy conservation, and maintenance of homeostasis.
2. Identify the anatomical components of the parasympathetic division: These include cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), as well as sacral spinal nerves S2-S4.
3. Eliminate incorrect options: Sympathetic chain ganglia and thoracic/lumbar spinal nerves T1-L2 are part of the sympathetic division, not the parasympathetic division. Dorsal root ganglia are sensory structures and not specific to the parasympathetic division.
4. Focus on the correct answer: Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, along with sacral spinal nerves S2-S4, are the primary anatomical components of the parasympathetic division.
5. Relate the components to their functions: For example, cranial nerve X (vagus) plays a major role in parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract, while sacral spinal nerves contribute to parasympathetic control of the pelvic organs.