12. Central Nervous System

General Function of the Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)

Brain

Basal Ganglia

 The midbrain develops from the mesencephalon. 

 The midbrain develops from which secondary brain vesicle? 

Brainstem

 Each cerebral hemisphere has three basic regions: a superficial cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, and the basal nuclei. 

 Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic regions of a cerebral hemisphere? 

What Do Different Brainwaves Mean?

The Limbic System

Midsagittal Section

Ventral and left lateral views of the brain stem and the diencephalon, part 1

 The diencephalon consists largely of three paired structuresâ€”the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. 

 Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon?  

 The white matter deep to the cortical gray matter is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. 

 __________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. 

The Hippocampus

 The brain and spinal cord (CNS) begin as an embryonic structure called the neural tube. The hindbrain gives rise to the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The cerebellum is part of the adult brain located dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata. The telencephalon gives rise to the cerebrum. 

 All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________. 

 The CNS starts differentiating from the neural tube in the developing embryo after week four. 

 The CNS starts differentiating from the neural tube in the developing embryo after week __________. 

Limbic System

Sheep Brain - Brain Stem

 Sleep apnea is a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Insomnia is a chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed to function adequately during the day. Epilepsy results from abnormal electrical activity of brain neurons. 

 People with __________ lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. 

Stages of Sleep

Diencephalon

Brain Lateralization The Split Brain

Electroencephalography (EEG)

 Despite its small size, the hypothalamus is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Its chief homeostatic roles are the following: (1) autonomic control center (including the regulation of cardiac and smooth muscles and glandular secretions), (2) center for emotional response, (3) body-temperature regulation, (4) regulation of food intake, (5) regulation of water balance and thirst, (6) regulation of sleep-wake cycles, and (7) control of endocrine system functioning. 

 Which of the following regulates body temperature, food intake, and endocrine functions?  

Stages of Sleep - non-REM, REM, Sleep Studies

Medulla Oblongata

Commissural Tracts

Cerebral Cortex

 The corpus callosum is the largest commissure in the cerebral cortex, is composed of white matter, and is not one of the basal nuclei. 

 Which of the following is NOT one of the basal nuclei? 

Ventral and left lateral views of the brain stem and the diencephalon, part 2

The Thalamus

 The pons is a "bridge" carrying info to and from the cerebellum. 

 contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to cerebellum   

 provides motor signals to the red nucleus 

 Which of the following is a function of the pons? 

 Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are activated when body fluid is too concentrated. This also stimulates the thirst receptors, which are also located in the hypothalamus. 

 Which part of the brain regulates thirst? 

How We Make Memories

Dorsal view of the brain stem and the diencephalon

 The small size of the medulla oblongata belies its crucial role as an autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining body homeostasis. Important visceral motor nuclei found in the medulla include the following:<ol>	<li>cardiovascular center, which adjusts the force and rate of heart contraction to meet the body's needs and changes blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure</li>	<li>respiratory center, which generates the respiratory rhythm and helps to control the rate and depth of breathing</li>	<li>various other centers, regulating activities such as vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.</li></ol> 

 Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain? 

 There is a division of labor and each hemisphere has unique abilities not shared by its partner. This phenomenon is called lateralization. 

 __________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities NOT shared by its partner. 

 The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex processes the conscious sensation of an upset stomach. 

 the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath 

 The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex processes the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath. 

 The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex processes the conscious sensation of a full bladder. 

 The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex is involved in the conscious perception of all the following EXCEPT __________. 

 The cerebral cortex contains billions of neurons arranged in six layers. 

 Its convoluted surface triples its surface area. 

 The substantial convolutions of the cerebral cortex maximize surface area in the limited space of the cranial vault. 

 Although it is only 2&ndash;4 mm thick, the cerebral cortex accounts for approximately 40% of the brain’s mass. 

 Which of the following is NOT a feature of the cerebral cortex? 

Pons

 Patients who understand language but have difficulty speaking have lesions affecting Broca's area. 

  Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas work together with the basal nuclei to form a single language implementation system. 

 All the associated areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in language.   

 Patients who can speak but produce nonsensical statements have a lesion in Wernicke's area. 

 Which of the following statements about language is INCORRECT? 

 stores memories immediately and permanently in the long-term memory 

 Information transferred from the working memory to the long-term memory takes time to become permanent. 

 Long-term memory stores only 5% of the sensory input to the cerebral cortex. 

 is limited to seven or eight chunks of information 

 Working memory, also known as short-term memory, is limited to seven or eight chunks of information. 

 From superior to inferior, the brain stem regions are the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. 

 Which of the following is NOT one of the major regions of the brain stem?  

 Within the thalamus a sorting-out and information editing process occurs. Virtually all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex funnel through the thalamic nuclei. 

 In which of the following areas do sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place? 

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

The Ventricles

The Brain

The Brain and Language

Broca's Area

White Matter Of Cerebrum| and Fibers (Commissural, Association & Projection)

Sleep (Cycle, EEG Waveforms, Pathology)

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

Cerebellum

Brain Lateralization: The Split Brain

 A person with retrograde amnesia will still know you after five minutes but will not be able to remember events from the distant past. 

 A person with epilepsy would suffer from seizures, but this would not affect his or her long- or short-term memory. 

 Huntington’s disease, a fatal hereditary disorder, is associated with massive degeneration of the basal nuclei, and initial symptoms are typified by uncontrolled movements rather than memory loss. 

 If you are having a conversation with a person, excuse yourself for five minutes, and come back, and the person no longer knows you, the person would be suffering from __________. 

 Dopamine is not implicated in this process. 

 Norepinephrine is not implicated in this process. 

 Serotonin is not implicated in this process. 

  Reduced cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a shortage of which neurotransmitter? 

The Brainstem

Reticular Formation

 The hypothalamus is the control center for the autonomic nervous system. 

 Which of the following is the autonomic control center? 

Midbrain

 The superior colliculi function in visual reflexes. 

 Which of the following areas is NOT involved in speech processing? 

Association Tracks

 The posterior lobe of the cerebellum coordinates body movement. 

 the intermediate parts of each hemisphere 

 The intermediate parts of each hemisphere of the cerebellum are concerned with the distal parts of the limbs and skilled movement. 

 The anterior lobe of the cerebellum coordinates body movement. 

 Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning (rather than executing) movement? 

Wernicke's Area

Human Brain Anatomy and Lateralization of Brain Function

 Starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait are functions of the basal nuclei. 

 determining whether a person is left- or right-handed 

 starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait   

 connecting corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex to enable them to function as a coordinated whole 

 Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei? 

 Beta waves are recorded when we are awake and alert. 

 Beta waves are recorded when we are awake and alert.  The brain does not produce gamma waves. 

 Which type of brain waves are seen when a person is concentrating on solving a problem? 

 The center for balance is in the cerebellum. 

 Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? 

Long Term Potentiation and Memory Formation, Animation

Central Nervous System

 It is now thought that the multimodal areas of the cerebral cortex are where sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together to form our personality. 

 In which part of the cerebral cortex do sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together to form our personality? 

Functional and structural areas of the cerebral cortex

 A thin median membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the lateral ventricles in the CNS. 

 The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes. 

 The transverse cerebral fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. 

 Which of the following landmarks separates the cerebral hemispheres? 

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