Which of the following are examples of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

• A. Antibodies
• B. Cytokines
• C. Neurotransmitters
• D. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
2. Learn about pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system to identify PAMPs and initiate an immune response.
3. Identify common examples of PAMPs. These include lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycan, flagellin, and viral RNA, which are typically found on the surface of pathogens.
4. Recognize that antibodies, cytokines, and neurotransmitters are not PAMPs. Antibodies are part of the adaptive immune system, cytokines are signaling molecules, and neurotransmitters are involved in nerve signal transmission.
5. Conclude that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are indeed PAMPs recognized by PRRs, as they are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.