21. Immune System

A moderate fever is an example of an innate body defense.

Which of the following is/are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result(s) in a fever?

Which cells do NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis?

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction do the liver and spleen sequester during a fever?

In the respiratory burst, __________ are released; these have a potent cell-killing ability.

All of the following are considered innate body defenses except a. complement, b. phagocytosis, c. antibodies, d. lysozyme, e. inflammation.

The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called a. diapedesis, b. chemotaxis, c. margination, d. opsonization.

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Which of the following are among the most common indicators of inflammation? a. Phagocytosis b. Edema c. Leukocytosis d. Pain

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Chemical mediators of inflammation include a. interferon. b. complement. c. histamine. d. antibodies.

Phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as (a) diapedesis, (b) chemotaxis, (c) adhesion, (d) perforation.

Multiple Choice More than one choice may apply. Against which of the following will interferon do some good? a. Infection of body cells by a virus b. Circulating free viruses c. Some types of cancer d. Bacterial infection

Complement activation promotes all of the following except a. cell lysis, b. inflammation, c. opsonization, d. interferon release, e. chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells.

Complement activation (a) stimulates inflammation, (b) attracts phagocytes, (c) enhances phagocytosis, (d) achieves a, b, and c.

The most beneficial effect of fever is that it (a) inhibits the spread of some bacteria and viruses, (b) increases the metabolic rate by up to 10 percent, (c) stimulates the release of pyrogens, (d) achieves a and b.

Give a function for each of the following: (l) interleukins, (m) tumor necrosis factor, (n) colony-stimulating factors.

What is complement? How does it cause bacterial lysis? What are some of the other roles of complement?

Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?

What is complement? Besides bacterial lysis, what are some of the roles of complement?

What seven defenses, present at birth, provide the body with the defensive capability known as innate (nonspecific) immunity?

Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells?

Compared with innate defenses, adaptive defenses (a) do not distinguish between one threat and another, (b) are always present at birth, (c) protect against threats on an individual basis, (d) deny the entry of pathogens to the body.

Capillary permeability increases and plasma proteins leak into the interstitial fluid as part of the inflammatory process. Why is this desirable?

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

The first step in inflammation is __________.

When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that __________.

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Which of the following is the first step in an inflammatory response?

Which of the following is NOT a property of interferons (IFNs)?

Complement proteins work by __________.

Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?

Interferons can be used to treat all of the following EXCEPT __________.

Which of the following is NOT a function of interferons?