33. Geometric Optics

What is the distance, d, between the incoming and outgoing rays?

A light ray strikes a horizontal surface at a 60° angle. The reflected ray then strikes a wall 2.5m above the reflective surface. How far is the wall from the point where the incident light ray strikes the surface?

When you look into your car's 5.0-cm-tall rear-view mirror from 35 cm away, the front of a bus, from the ground to the roof, exactly fills the mirror. If the bus is 17 m from the mirror, how tall is the bus?

The mirror in FIGURE EX34.5 deflects a horizontal laser beam by 60°. What is the angle ϕ?

At what angle ϕ should the laser beam in FIGURE EX34.6 be aimed at the mirrored ceiling in order to hit the midpoint of the far wall?

Two polarizers are oriented at 44.0° to one another. Light polarized at a 22.0° angle to each polarizer passes through both. What is the transmitted intensity (%)?

At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light to (a) 1/3, (b) 1/10?

At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most strongly?

What is Brewster’s angle for an air-glass (n = 1.56) surface? Specify two answers.

What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.

Suppose you are 96 cm from a plane mirror. What area of the mirror is used to reflect the rays entering one eye from a point on the tip of your nose if your pupil diameter is 4.5 mm?

As early morning passed toward midday, and the sunlight got more intense, a photographer noted that, if she kept her shutter speed constant, she had to change the f-number from f/5.6 to f/16. By what factor had the sunlight intensity increased during that time?

"(II) Two plane mirrors meet at a 135° angle, Fig. 32–47. If light rays strike one mirror at 32° as shown, at what angle θ do they leave the second mirror?

<IMAGE>"

A person whose eyes are 1.64 m above the floor stands 2.60 m in front of a vertical plane mirror whose bottom edge is 38 cm above the floor, Fig. 32–48. What is the horizontal distance x, from the base of the wall supporting the mirror to the nearest point on the floor that can be seen reflected in the mirror?