Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. Which of the following processes tend(s) to keep these pathways away from equilibrium?

• A. The continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions
• B. An input of free energy from outside the pathway
• C. An input of heat from the environment
• D. The first, second, and third listed responses are correct.
• E. The first and second listed responses are correct.