What major events occur during anaphase of mitosis?

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand that anaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
2. Step 2: Recognize that during anaphase, the paired chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate and move towards opposite sides of the cell. This is facilitated by the shortening of the microtubules attached to the chromatids.
3. Step 3: Note that the centromeres split apart, allowing the sister chromatids to separate. Each chromatid, now called a chromosome, is pulled rapidly toward the centrosome to which its microtubule was attached.
4. Step 4: Understand that by the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have an equal collection of chromosomes.
5. Step 5: Remember that the movement of the chromosomes during anaphase ensures that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes.

Key Concepts

Anaphase

Anaphase is a stage in mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell. This separation is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. The process is initiated by the shortening of spindle fibers attached to the kinetochores of the chromatids.

Spindle Apparatus

The spindle apparatus is a structure made of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. It forms during prophase and is responsible for aligning chromosomes at the metaphase plate and separating them during anaphase. Proper function of the spindle apparatus is essential for accurate chromosome segregation.

Chromatid Separation

Chromatid separation refers to the process during anaphase where the cohesin proteins holding sister chromatids together are cleaved, allowing them to be pulled apart. This separation is vital for the distribution of genetic material, ensuring that each new cell has the correct number of chromosomes, which is critical for maintaining genetic stability.