Table of contents

Skip topic navigation

1. Introduction to Biochemistry4h 36m

What is Biochemistry?
7m

Characteristics of Life
12m

Abiogenesis
13m

Nucleic Acids
16m

Proteins
12m

Carbohydrates
8m

Lipids
10m

Taxonomy
10m

Cell Organelles
12m

Endosymbiotic Theory
11m

Central Dogma
22m

Functional Groups
15m

Chemical Bonds
13m

Organic Chemistry
31m

Entropy
17m

Second Law of Thermodynamics
11m

Equilibrium Constant
10m

Gibbs Free Energy
37m

2. Water3h 23m

Properties of Water
18m

Osmosis
18m

Hydrophobic Effect
16m

Acids and Bases
8m

Autoionization of Water
16m

pH
11m

Acid Dissociation Constant
19m

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
27m

Determining Predominate Species
10m

Titration
35m

Buffer Solution
20m

3. Amino Acids8h 10m

Amino Acid Groups
8m

Amino Acid Three Letter Code
13m

Amino Acid One Letter Code
37m

Amino Acid Configuration
20m

Essential Amino Acids
14m

Nonpolar Amino Acids
21m

Aromatic Amino Acids
14m

Polar Amino Acids
16m

Charged Amino Acids
40m

How to Memorize Amino Acids
1h 7m

Zwitterion
33m

Non-Ionizable Vs. Ionizable R-Groups
11m

Isoelectric Point
10m

Isoelectric Point of Amino Acids with Ionizable R-Groups
51m

Titrations of Amino Acids with Non-Ionizable R-Groups
44m

Titrations of Amino Acids with Ionizable R-Groups
38m

Amino Acids and Henderson-Hasselbalch
44m

4. Protein Structure10h 4m

Peptide Bond
18m

Primary Structure of Protein
31m

Altering Primary Protein Structure
15m

Drawing a Peptide
44m

Determining Net Charge of a Peptide
42m

Isoelectric Point of a Peptide
37m

Approximating Protein Mass
7m

Peptide Group
22m

Ramachandran Plot
26m

Atypical Ramachandran Plots
12m

Alpha Helix
15m

Alpha Helix Pitch and Rise
20m

Alpha Helix Hydrogen Bonding
24m

Alpha Helix Disruption
23m

Beta Strand
12m

Beta Sheet
12m

Antiparallel and Parallel Beta Sheets
39m

Beta Turns
26m

Tertiary Structure of Protein
16m

Protein Motifs and Domains
23m

Denaturation
14m

Anfinsen Experiment
20m

Protein Folding
34m

Chaperone Proteins
19m

Prions
4m

Quaternary Structure
15m

Simple Vs. Conjugated Proteins
10m

Fibrous and Globular Proteins
11m

5. Protein Techniques14h 5m

Protein Purification
7m

Protein Extraction
5m

Differential Centrifugation
15m

Salting Out
18m

Dialysis
9m

Column Chromatography
11m

Ion-Exchange Chromatography
35m

Anion-Exchange Chromatography
38m

Size Exclusion Chromatography
28m

Affinity Chromatography
16m

Specific Activity
16m

HPLC
29m

Spectrophotometry
51m

Native Gel Electrophoresis
23m

SDS-PAGE
34m

SDS-PAGE Strategies
16m

Isoelectric Focusing
17m

2D-Electrophoresis
23m

Diagonal Electrophoresis
29m

Mass Spectrometry
12m

Mass Spectrum
47m

Tandem Mass Spectrometry
16m

Peptide Mass Fingerprinting
16m

Overview of Direct Protein Sequencing
30m

Amino Acid Hydrolysis
10m

FDNB
26m

Chemical Cleavage of Bonds
29m

Peptidases
1h 6m

Edman Degradation
30m

Edman Degradation Sequenator and Sequencing Data Analysis
4m

Edman Degradation Reaction Efficiency
20m

Ordering Cleaved Fragments
21m

Strategy for Ordering Cleaved Fragments
58m

Indirect Protein Sequencing Via Geneomic Analyses
24m

6. Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics13h 38m

Enzymes
24m

Enzyme-Substrate Complex
17m

Lock and Key Vs. Induced Fit Models
23m

Optimal Enzyme Conditions
9m

Activation Energy
24m

Types of Enzymes
41m

Cofactor
15m

Catalysis
19m

Electrostatic and Metal Ion Catalysis
11m

Covalent Catalysis
18m

Reaction Rate
10m

Enzyme Kinetics
24m

Rate Constants and Rate Law
35m

Reaction Orders
52m

Rate Constant Units
11m

Initial Velocity
31m

Vmax Enzyme
27m

Km Enzyme
42m

Steady-State Conditions
25m

Michaelis-Menten Assumptions
18m

Michaelis-Menten Equation
52m

Lineweaver-Burk Plot
43m

Michaelis-Menten vs. Lineweaver-Burk Plots
20m

Shifting Lineweaver-Burk Plots
37m

Calculating Vmax
40m

Calculating Km
31m

Kcat
46m

Specificity Constant
1h 1m

7. Enzyme Inhibition and Regulation 8h 42m

Enzyme Inhibition
13m

Irreversible Inhibition
12m

Reversible Inhibition
9m

Inhibition Constant
26m

Degree of Inhibition
15m

Apparent Km and Vmax
29m

Inhibition Effects on Reaction Rate
10m

Competitive Inhibition
52m

Uncompetitive Inhibition
33m

Mixed Inhibition
40m

Noncompetitive Inhibition
26m

Recap of Reversible Inhibition
37m

Allosteric Regulation
7m

Allosteric Kinetics
17m

Allosteric Enzyme Conformations
33m

Allosteric Effectors
18m

Concerted (MWC) Model
25m

Sequential (KNF) Model
20m

Negative Feedback
13m

Positive Feedback
15m

Post Translational Modification
14m

Ubiquitination
19m

Phosphorylation
16m

Zymogens
13m

8. Protein Function 9h 41m

Introduction to Protein-Ligand Interactions
15m

Protein-Ligand Equilibrium Constants
22m

Protein-Ligand Fractional Saturation
32m

Myoglobin vs. Hemoglobin
27m

Heme Prosthetic Group
31m

Hemoglobin Cooperativity
23m

Hill Equation
21m

Hill Plot
42m

Hemoglobin Binding in Tissues & Lungs
31m

Hemoglobin Carbonation & Protonation
19m

Bohr Effect
23m

BPG Regulation of Hemoglobin
24m

Fetal Hemoglobin
6m

Sickle Cell Anemia
24m

Chymotrypsin
18m

Chymotrypsin's Catalytic Mechanism
38m

Glycogen Phosphorylase
21m

Liver vs Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase
21m

Antibody
35m

ELISA
15m

Motor Proteins
14m

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
22m

Skeletal Muscle Contraction
45m

9. Carbohydrates7h 49m

Carbohydrates
19m

Monosaccharides
15m

Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides
33m

Monosaccharide Configurations
32m

Cyclic Monosaccharides
20m

Hemiacetal vs. Hemiketal
19m

Anomer
14m

Mutarotation
13m

Pyranose Conformations
23m

Common Monosaccharides
33m

Derivatives of Monosaccharides
21m

Reducing Sugars
21m

Reducing Sugars Tests
19m

Glycosidic Bond
48m

Disaccharides
40m

Glycoconjugates
12m

Polysaccharide
7m

Cellulose
7m

Chitin
8m

Peptidoglycan
12m

Starch
13m

Glycogen
14m

Lectins
16m

10. Lipids5h 49m

Lipids
15m

Fatty Acids
30m

Fatty Acid Nomenclature
11m

Omega-3 Fatty Acids
12m

Triacylglycerols
11m

Glycerophospholipids
24m

Sphingolipids
13m

Sphingophospholipids
8m

Sphingoglycolipids
12m

Sphingolipid Recap
22m

Waxes
5m

Eicosanoids
19m

Isoprenoids
9m

Steroids
14m

Steroid Hormones
11m

Lipid Vitamins
19m

Comprehensive Final Lipid Map
13m

Biological Membranes
16m

Physical Properties of Biological Membranes
18m

Types of Membrane Proteins
8m

Integral Membrane Proteins
16m

Peripheral Membrane Proteins
12m

Lipid-Linked Membrane Proteins
21m

11. Biological Membranes and Transport 6h 37m

Biological Membrane Transport
21m

Passive vs. Active Transport
18m

Passive Membrane Transport
21m

Facilitated Diffusion
8m

Erythrocyte Facilitated Transporter Models
30m

Membrane Transport of Ions
29m

Primary Active Membrane Transport
15m

Sodium-Potassium Ion Pump
20m

SERCA: Calcium Ion Pump
10m

ABC Transporters
12m

Secondary Active Membrane Transport
12m

Glucose Active Symporter Model
19m

Endocytosis & Exocytosis
18m

Neurotransmitter Release
23m

Summary of Membrane Transport
21m

Thermodynamics of Membrane Diffusion: Uncharged Molecule
51m

Thermodynamics of Membrane Diffusion: Charged Ion
1h 1m

12. Biosignaling9h 45m

Introduction to Biosignaling
44m

G protein-Coupled Receptors
32m

Stimulatory Adenylate Cyclase GPCR Signaling
42m

cAMP & PKA
28m

Inhibitory Adenylate Cyclase GPCR Signaling
29m

Drugs & Toxins Affecting GPCR Signaling
20m

Recap of Adenylate Cyclase GPCR Signaling
5m

Phosphoinositide GPCR Signaling
58m

PSP Secondary Messengers & PKC
27m

Recap of Phosphoinositide Signaling
7m

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
26m

Insulin
28m

Insulin Receptor
23m

Insulin Signaling on Glucose Metabolism
57m

Recap Of Insulin Signaling in Glucose Metabolism
6m

Insulin Signaling as a Growth Factor
1h 1m

Recap of Insulin Signaling As A Growth Factor
9m

Recap of Insulin Signaling
1m

Jak-Stat Signaling
25m

Lipid Hormone Signaling
15m

Summary of Biosignaling
13m

Signaling Defects & Cancer
20m

Review 1: Nucleic Acids, Lipids, & Membranes2h 47m

Nucleic Acids 1
9m

Nucleic Acids 2
11m

Nucleic Acids 3
4m

Nucleic Acids 4
4m

DNA Sequencing 1
9m

DNA Sequencing 2
11m

Lipids 1
11m

Lipids 2
4m

Membrane Structure 1
10m

Membrane Structure 2
9m

Membrane Transport 1
8m

Membrane Transport 2
4m

Membrane Transport 3
6m

Practice - Nucleic Acids 1
11m

Practice - Nucleic Acids 2
3m

Practice - Nucleic Acids 3
9m

Lipids
11m

Practice - Membrane Structure 1
7m

Practice - Membrane Structure 2
5m

Practice - Membrane Transport 1
6m

Practice - Membrane Transport 2
6m

Review 2: Biosignaling, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, & PP-Pathway3h 12m

Biosignaling 1
9m

Biosignaling 2
19m

Biosignaling 3
11m

Biosignaling 4
9m

Glycolysis 1
7m

Glycolysis 2
7m

Glycolysis 3
8m

Glycolysis 4
10m

Fermentation
6m

Gluconeogenesis 1
8m

Gluconeogenesis 2
7m

Pentose Phosphate Pathway
15m

Practice - Biosignaling
13m

Practice - Bioenergetics 1
10m

Practice - Bioenergetics 2
16m

Practice - Glycolysis 1
11m

Practice - Glycolysis 2
7m

Practice - Gluconeogenesis
5m

Practice - Pentose Phosphate Path
6m

Review 3: Pyruvate & Fatty Acid Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, & Glycogen Metabolism2h 26m

Pyruvate Oxidation
9m

Citric Acid Cycle 1
14m

Citric Acid Cycle 2
7m

Citric Acid Cycle 3
7m

Citric Acid Cycle 4
11m

Metabolic Regulation 1
8m

Metabolic Regulation 2
13m

Glycogen Metabolism 1
6m

Glycogen Metabolism 2
8m

Fatty Acid Oxidation 1
11m

Fatty Acid Oxidation 2
8m

Citric Acid Cycle Practice 1
7m

Citric Acid Cycle Practice 2
6m

Citric Acid Cycle Practice 3
2m

Glucose and Glycogen Regulation Practice 1
4m

Glucose and Glycogen Regulation Practice 2
6m

Fatty Acid Oxidation Practice 1
4m

Fatty Acid Oxidation Practice 2
7m

Review 4: Amino Acid Oxidation, Oxidative Phosphorylation, & Photophosphorylation1h 48m

Amino Acid Oxidation 1
5m

Amino Acid Oxidation 2
11m

Oxidative Phosphorylation 1
8m

Oxidative Phosphorylation 2
10m

Oxidative Phosphorylation 3
10m

Oxidative Phosphorylation 4
7m

Photophosphorylation 1
5m

Photophosphorylation 2
9m

Photophosphorylation 3
10m

Practice: Amino Acid Oxidation 1
2m

Practice: Amino Acid Oxidation 2
2m

Practice: Oxidative Phosphorylation 1
5m

Practice: Oxidative Phosphorylation 2
4m

Practice: Oxidative Phosphorylation 3
5m

Practice: Photophosphorylation 1
5m

Practice: Photophosphorylation 2
1m

Review 3: Pyruvate & Fatty Acid Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, & Glycogen Metabolism

Citric Acid Cycle 1

Biochemistry

Review 3: Pyruvate & Fatty Acid Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, & Glycogen Metabolism

Citric Acid Cycle 1

Previous problemNext problem

Struggling with Biochemistry?

Join thousands of students who trust us to help them ace their exams!Watch the first video

Multiple Choice

In the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, which molecule is released as the primary waste product for each turn of the cycle?

Carbon dioxide (

C_{1} O_{2}

)

Acetyl-CoA

Lactate

Urea

Previous problemNext problem

14:14m

Watch next

Master Citric Acid Cycle 1 with a bite sized video explanation from Jason

Start learning

Citric Acid Cycle 1 practice set

Problem sets built by lead tutors

Expert video explanations

Go to Practice

Download the Mobile app

Accessibility

Privacy

Do not sell my personal information