Monosaccharides

in this video, we're going to begin talking Mawr Details about mono sacha rides. So recall from our previous lesson videos, we already mentioned that mono sack rides are individual carbohydrate monomers, and that makes them the simplest form of a sugar. Now, sugars are gonna have names that generally end with the Suffolk's O S E. So really, anything that ends with O. S E. The likelihood is that it's going to be a sugar. For example, Glucose ends with the Suffolk's O S E. And so glucose is a sugar Now mono sacha rides can actually be grouped in several different ways. And so moving forward through our lesson, we're going to talk about all of the different ways that mono sacha rides can be grouped. And so I'll see you guys in our next lesson video. When we talk about how mono sacha rides can be grouped either as al doses or key toeses, So I'll see you guys there

so mono sack rides can be classified into two groups based on the nature of their Carbonnel group, and those two groups are either an AL does or a key toes. Now notice that both Aldo's and key toes and with the Suffolk's O S E. So we know that these are sugars. And again, these two categories of sugars are going to be classifying the mono sacha rights based on their carbonnel groups. And so an Al does is going to be a sugar whose car bottle group is an alga hide and recall that Aldo Hides could be abbreviated with C h o. And then, of course, a key toast is going to be a sugar whose Carbonnel group is a key tone. And so if we take a look down below, it are image over here on the left hand side, we're showing you the difference between an alga hide and a key tone group and so recall that Aldo hides have the h here in them. And so that reminds us that they're gonna be Carbonnel groups that are attached to a hydrogen and so they're gonna be found at the end of a molecule and then. Of course, key tones don't have that h in them. And so they're going to be attached to another our group. So they're gonna be found in the middle of a molecule. And so if we take a look at our images over here of our mono sacha rides, we can see this one over here on the left is glitzier Aldo hide and notice that even in its name, it tells us that it has an alga high group. And so what we could say is that blister Aldo hide is an AL does. And then if we take a look at this sugar over here, notice it is die hydroxy acetone. And this one has its carbonnel group right in the middle. So it has to our groups going either way. And so that makes this sugar right here a key toes and so we can classify all of our mono sack rides either as all doses or as key toeses based on again the nature of the Carbonnel group. So that concludes this introduction toe all doses and ketosis, and we'll be able to get practice as we move along through our course

all right. So now that we already know from our last lesson video that mono sacha rides can be grouped based on the nature of their carbonnel groups either as all doses or key toes is in this video, we're gonna talk about how mono sack rides can also be grouped based on the number of their carbon Adams. And so mono sack rides that have 345 and six carbons are respectively called Try Oh, sis, Tetro, sis, pent, Joses and heck sauces. And so these prefixes here are revealing the number of carbon atoms that these monos Ackroyd's have now. These highlighted prefixes can also be preceded by the prefixes. Aldo or Keto two respectively indicate an al does or a key toes. And so if we take a look down below at our image, we can classify the following mono secrets based on both the number of the carbon atoms that they have and based on the nature of their Carbonnel groups. And so if we look at this first sugar over here, we can see that it has a total of 123 carbon atoms and this is going to make it a try Iost try meaning three. This sugar right here has four carbon. So this is going to be a tetro, says this one here has five. So it's going to be a pantos. This one has six. It's going to be a hexes, and this one over here has seven carbon atoms making this a hep toes. And so, really, these are the prefixes that I would suggest committing to memory toe indicate the number of carbon atoms that the mono sack rides have now, as we mentioned up above, we can also attach the prefixes Aldo to indicate that all of these sugars that air bracketed here are going to be al doses since they have the C H o Aldo Hide group. And then, of course, this sugar over here is going to be a key toast because notice that it's going to have ah, car bottle group that is not at the end. Instead, it's going to be in the middle here, and it has to our groups branching off. And so technically we can call all of these sugars. Aldo, try asses or Aldo Tetro, says Aldo pen toeses or Aldo Hex doses. And then, of course, the sugar over here is going to be a key toe tiptoes. And so now that we can understand how to group mono sacha rides based on both the number of the carbon atoms and the number of their car bottle groups, we can get some practice applying these concepts and our next few videos, so I'll see you guys there.

all right. So now that we've already learned how to group mono sack rides based on the nature of their Carbonnel groups and based on the number of carbon atoms that they have in this video, we're going to move on to how to assign numbers to all of those carbon atoms of linear mono sacha rides. And so later, in our course, we'll focus on cyclic mono sack rides. But in this video we're focused on linear mono sacha rides, and so the carbon atoms and linear mono sacha rides are numbered based on positioning of the Carbonnel group or, in other words, they're numbered based on positioning of the Al Jihad or key tone group. And so the key is that the Carbonnel carbon atom that's part of either the alga hide or key tone should always be assigned the lowest possible number. And that way we can designate the numbered cars carbons as C one for the first carbon C two for the second one C three for the third carbon and so on. And so, in our example, we're going to appropriately number the carbon atoms in each of the following three linear mono sack rides starting with glucose over here on the far left. And again, the key to assigning numbers to the carbon atoms of linear mono sack rides is right here in this second line. And that is that we want the alga hide or key tone to be assigned the lowest possible number. And so when we take a look at glucose is structure, we can see that it has an alga hide group and that is the C H O. And it's up at the top. So we want this carbon atom right here to be assigned the lowest possible number when we're trying to assign numbers to all of the carbon atoms. And so, of course, that means that this carbon is gonna be number one and all of the other carbon atoms that go down our sequentially going to be carbons 234 carbon five and carbon six. And so this is the appropriate numbering of the carbon atoms and the glucose molecule. So let's move on to manos over here and again. We can see that it has. It has an alga hide group here at the top, just like glucose. And so we want the carbon atom of this album, Hide Group to be the lowest possible number. So we're gonna give it a one again. And then again, we're going to assign each of the carbon atoms going down sequentially as carbons. 234 carbon five and carbon six. So the numbering is very, very similar to, uh, the carbon numbering of glucose. So then, of course, we can move on to our last but not least, mono sacha right over here. And we're just gonna number these carbon atoms from bottom to top, just like we did for the previous two, right? No, not right. So remember that the key to assigning numbers to the carbon atoms of linear mono sack rides is that we have to identify the outsider key tone and then assign the lowest possible number. And so we can see that the fructose molecule on this page has its key tone group towards the bottom of the Fisher projection. And so if we were to number the carbon atoms from top to bottom like what we did with both manos and with glucose, then noticed that the key tone carbon atom is assigned carbon number five. However, if we number the carbon atoms from the bottom towards the top, then noticed that the key tone carbon atom would be assigned carbon number two. And of course, to is lower than five and two would be the lowest possible number. And so that means that we're not going to be numbering the carbon atoms from top to bottom on this frutos molecule. Instead, we're gonna be numbering from the bottom to the top. And so the carbon numbering that you see here is the correct carbon numbering for this fructose molecule on this page. And so again, the main take away here is that when we are assigning numbers to the carbon atoms of linear mono sacha rides, we want to look for the alga hide or key tone and make sure that the carbon atom is assigned the lowest possible number. And so we'll be able to get some practice applying the concepts that we've learned in this video and our next practice video. So I'll see you guys there