Glycoconjugates

All right, So in this video, we're going to introduce, like, oh, congregates. So what exactly are Glencoe congregates? Well, glycol congregates are just Allah go sacha rides or small sugars that air conjugated or co violently linked to another chemical species That is not a carbohydrate. So, for instance, either a lipid or a protein. And so, if we take a look at our image down below over here on the left hand side, notice that this blue structure that we see here is definitely a carbo hydrate. And so this is what the glycoprotein fixes referring to and like Oh, congregates But then noticed that this carbohydrate is cove intently attached to this. Why group over here and we're defining this. Why group as just a non carbohydrate molecule. So it's anything but a carbohydrate. So, for instance, it could be a lipid, or it could be a protein. And so this why group is what the conjugate portion of the word like oh, conjugate is referring to now the illegal sacha ride. Portions of Glencoe congregates are very heterogeneous. And so, by heterogeneous, what we mean is that they're made up of mawr than one type of sugar. And so if we take a look down below at this Allah Go sacha ride, notice that we have more than one type of sugar in there. We've got some green ones. We've got some blue ones in here and we've got red and other colors as well. And so you can see that we have different types of sugars and the Lego sack ride portions. And so if this were instead of heterogeneous, if it were homogeneous, What that would mean is that all of them the home apart means all the same. And so this means that all of these would be like a green color, for instance, because they were all the same. But again, the illegal sack right portions are not homogeneous. They are heterogeneous, meaning different sugars. Now it's also important to note that all ago sacha rides, they have the ability so they can show directionality. They don't have to show directionality, but they can. And so the way that they show directionality is by having one end of the illegal sacha ride that is chemically different than the other end. And so this can be done with having a non reducing and on one end of the illegal sacha ride and a reducing and on the other end of the illegal sacha ride. And so if we zoom in on this region of the illegal Sacha right down below Here, uh, notice that this end of the AHL ago sack ride does not have a free and America carbon. In fact, this is not an an America carbon because it's on Lee Bonded Toe one oxygen atom and an American carbons are always bonded to two oxygen atoms. And so because this is not a free and America carbon on this end, that makes this a non reducing end. Now, on the other hand, if we zoom in on this end of the illegal sack ride over here, notice that on this end we do have an an American carbon that is bonded to two oxygen atoms the ring oxygen and the hydroxyl group oxygen. And so this an American carbon is a free and America carbon forming a Hemi ass it'll group, and so that makes it a reducing end. And so you can see that there is some directionality here. There's the non reducing end of the sugar and then there is the reducing end of the sugar. And so, as we move forward in our course, we're going to talk about two very specific types of Glencoe congregates, Glencoe, lipids and glycoprotein. So I'll see you guys in our next video.

So in this video we're going to introduce the simple idea of AIG like, Oh, lipid. And so a glucose lipid is just a hybrid molecule. So it's a combination of two different types of molecules. The first is going to be a lipid molecule, and the second is going to be, uh, carbohydrates or small sugars. And so Glencoe eyes the prefix, referring to sugars. And, of course, lipids are referring to lipids. And so, like a lipids or hybrid molecules made up of Lipids Cove, intently linked or CO. Violently attached to small sugars. And so, if we take a look at our image down below, notice that we do have this Allah Go sacha ride right here. And notice that the Al ago sacha ride is quite heterogeneous. So it's made up of many different types of, uh, Manu Sacharow units and notice that the illegal sack right is co violently attached to a lipid here. And that is what makes, uh, this Glencoe lipid. And so we will be talking Maura about Glencoe lipids throughout our course, especially when we're talking about bio signaling later in our course. And we will also talk a lot more about lipids later in our course, when we're focusing on lipids as well. But for now, this is the conclusion to our simple idea of Glencoe lipids. And we will see you in our next video when we talk about like, oh, proteins.

in this video, we're going to introduce the relatively simple idea of a glycoprotein, and so you may have already guessed. But a glycoprotein is just another hybrid molecules, so it's a combination of two molecules. It's made up mostly of a protein, and that protein is going to be co violently linked to a relatively small Allah Go sacha ride or a relatively small sugar. And so, if we take a look at our image down below over here, notice that this big circle that we see right here represents a protein and then you can see over here we have an AHL ago, Sacha ride and our Allah Go Sacha ride notice is very heterogeneous, meaning it's made up of many different types of sugar units. And then if we co violently attached the protein to the A league Oh, Sacha, right. We could get the structure over here, which is the Glencoe protein now glycoprotein Xas. We'll see moving forward throughout our course, they're gonna be found inside of cells. They'll be found on the outside of cells and the extra cellular matrix and on the outer surface of the plasma membranes of cells as well. Now it turned out that antibodies are actually glycoprotein as well. And so notice over here on the far left, we have the same image of antibodies that we had in our previous lesson video. So notice that what we have here is identical. And so really, the only thing that's different between this image that you see here and, uh, the image that we had in our previous lesson videos is this region that's coming off here from the stem of the antibody. And so notice that these are Allah go Sacha rides coming off of the stem. And so the Allah go Sacha rides can also help to create a lot of diversity with the antibodies and that can also help change their functions and whatnot as well. And again, we'll be talking about Glencoe congregates like like a lipids and lipoproteins throughout our core. So it's good to get these introductions out of the way. And so, in our next video, we're gonna talk about how exactly are proteins linked to the al ego Sacha ride? Uh, portions. And so I'll see you guys in the next video

in this video, we're going to distinguish between a linked and unlinked glycoprotein. And so, really, we're just going to talk about the idea of how exactly are the illegals, Sacha ride portions of glycoprotein linked to their proteins. And so it's important to note that glycoprotein will form Glick ascetic bonds between a sugars and America carbon and the amino acid residues are group and not the amino acids backbone. And so, really, the A Lego sack, a ride portion of a glycoprotein can be linked to the protein and one of two ways. The first way is through an O linked like acidic linkage. And the second way is through an N linked like acidic linkage. Now the O link like ascetic linkage is gonna form with the oxygen atom of ah hydroxyl group of either a searing or a three inning amino acid residues are group, and of course, the end link like acidic linkage is gonna form with an AM I nitrogen atom of an A spare jean amino acid residues are group. And so if we take a look at our image down below, over here on the left hand side, notice that we're showing you owe linked glycoprotein. Notice that we have a carbohydrate right here and it's an American. Carbon is right here forming a co Vaillant bond with the oxygen atom of a Syrians are group and notice. Over here we have another carbohydrate who's an American carbon again is forming a co violent linkage with the oxygen atom of the our group of ah three and nine amino acid residue. And so again, uh, this is just one of two thes air to potential ways that, uh, carbohydrates can be linked to their proteins through OGE like a oh linked like ascetic linkages. Now notice Over here on the far right, we're showing you and linked glycoprotein and so we can we have our carbohydrate right here and notice that it's an America Carbon is forming a co violent bond with the nitrogen atom of the AM I'd that's present in a spare genes are group. And so again, the main take away here is that the carbo hydrates, uh that are found in glycoprotein are going to be linked to the proteins via the are groups of either a searing or a three inning amino acid residues are group using an old linked leg acidic linkage Or through, uh, the our group oven, a spare jean amino acid residue with an end linked Gleick. Acidic linkage. And so this year concludes our lesson on the difference between a linked and unlinked like oh, proteins. And as we move forward in our course will be able to apply some of our practice problems. Eso I'll see you guys in our next video.