9. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
1
concept
Carbohydrates
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in this video, we're going to begin our lesson on carbo hydrates. So, of course, you guys have learned about carbohydrates before in your old courses. And so you might already remember that carbohydrates are a structurally and functionally diverse class of molecules. But all carbohydrates are carbon based molecules, and they're all rich and hydroxyl groups or O H groups. And so in the science world, carbohydrates are commonly referred to as sacha rides, which is the Greek word for sugars. And so carbo hydrates, sacha rides and sugars are all practically synonyms of one another. And so it's important to note that when the term carbo hydrates was originally coined way back in the 18 hundreds, it actually referred to compounds that had this exact formula right here. C N h 20 n, where n was greater than or equal to three. And so, as you can see by this formula, there's going to be some number of carbon atoms, and for each carbon atom, there's going to be a same number of water molecules, and so you can see how they are going to be carbon atoms that are hydrated by thes water molecules. Now the term simple carbohydrates refers to molecules that fit this exact formula. However, not all carbohydrates fit this formula. Exactly. There are derivatives of these simple carbohydrates, and so your professors and your textbooks will refer to these carbohydrates as complex carbohydrates. And so complex carbohydrates can actually slightly differ from this formula. And on top of that, they can also have other atoms to, such as phosphorus atoms, uh, nitrogen atoms or sulfur atoms as well. And so if we take a look at our image down below at thes carbo hydrates notice over here on the left, we have a carbohydrate that if it doesn't look familiar to you now, it will. Moving forward. This is the carbohydrate glucose what you guys have all learned about before in your previous courses. Now, glucose, as you can see here, is a simple carbohydrate, and we can tell by just looking at its chemical formula. Notice that we count up the number of carbons that this molecule has. There are six carbons. If we count up, the hydrogen will count 12 hydrogen, and if we count up, the oxygen's will see that there are six oxygen's and so you can see that for every carbon there is a water molecule, so the carbons are being hydrated, and this formula fits the formula that we talked about above. Exactly. And so that's why this is a simple carbohydrate Now, over here. On the other hand, notice what we have is a complex carbohydrate and we can tell because notice if we look at the chemical formula that there is indeed a phosphorus Adam here so you can see the phosphorus Adam. And so already it's starting to differ from that formula we talked about previously. And then if you count the number of carbon atoms in this molecule, you'll you'll count six carbon atoms. If you count the hydrogen, you'll count 11 hydrogen, and if you count all of the oxygen's, including these oxygen's up here you'll count nine Oxygen's and so clearly, this chemical formula here differs from the formula we talked about before. But even though this structure has a different chemical formula, it's still referred to as a carbohydrate because it's actually a derivative of this carbohydrate over here and so moving forward. This is important to keep in mind that we will talk about carbohydrates that differ from this standard chemical formula. And so this concludes our introduction to carbohydrates, and we'll be able to get a little bit of practice in our next video, so I'll see you guys there.
2
Problem
ProblemWhich of the following chemical formulas represents that of a simple carbohydrate?
A
C2H2O2
B
C6H12O6
C
C5H4O3
D
C3H6O9
3
concept
Carbohydrates
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in this video, we're going to talk about the three size classes of carbohydrates, which again you guys probably already covered before in your previous courses. So we're just gonna brush right on through this. And so the very first size class of carbohydrates is gonna be the smallest size class. And this, of course, is going to be the mono. Sacha rides mano a prefix meaning singular, and Sacha ride a prefix meaning sugar or carbohydrates. And so this literally translates to a single carbohydrate unit otherwise known as just a monomer, and recall that monomers are the tiny little Lego pieces that are used to build larger polymers. Now, the second size class of carbohydrate is gonna be the intermediate size class, and this is going to be the AHL ago. Sacha rides. I'll go a prefix, meaning few. And so this is going to be carbohydrates that contained somewhere between two to about 20 co violently linked mono sacha rides. Now the third and final size class of carbohydrates is going to be the largest size class. And this, of course, is going to be the poly. Sacha rides Polly a prefix meaning many, and so these are gonna be carbohydrates that contain greater than covertly linked mono sacha rides. So if we take a look at our image down below, we can visually see each of these size classes. So the first the mono sack rides is the smallest size class. So it consists of just individual single carbohydrate units. And of course, there are many, many different types of mono sack rides and moving forward In our course, we'll talk about some of those different types. Now the second size class is gonna be the Allah goes Sacha rides. And so this again includes any carbohydrate that contains it between two and 20 co violently, like mono sacha rides. So more specifically, if there are two mano sacha rides linked together, then this is referred to as a die Sacharow. I die a prefix meaning to but really a dia Sacha, right is just a type of Allah Go, sacha ride And then, of course, if there are three mono sack arise link together, then this is going to be a try. Sacharow. I try a prefix meaning three. But again, Di and tri Sacha, right fall under the categorization of Allah. Go, Sacha rides. And then, of course, our third and final size class of carbohydrates is gonna be the poly sack rides, which consists of carbohydrates that have greater than conveniently linked mono sack rides. And so here you can count 21 making this a poly sacha ride. And again, as we move forward in our course, we're gonna talk about each of these different size classes and a lot more details. So you can consider this just the introduction. So that concludes this video, and I'll see you guys in our next one.
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concept
Carbohydrates
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in this video, we're going to do a side by side comparison of proteins and carbohydrates, and we'll point out some of the key differences between these two different classes of molecules. So notice over here in this table in this column we have proteins, and in the next column we have carbohydrates, and so this is going to allow us to do a side by side comparison. Now, if we start to fill out this table, notice the first row here, says monomer. And of course, we know from our older lesson videos that the monomers of proteins are going to be amino acids. And so here we have a little image to represent the structure of amino acids. And, of course, we learned in our last lesson video that the monomer of carbohydrates is going to be a mono sacha ride mano meaning singular and Sacha rides meaning sugar. And so here we have a little image to represent the structure of a typical mono sacha ride. Now the next row says type of bond, and this is referring to the types of bonds that air usedto linked together the monomers. And of course, we know from our older lesson videos that the types of bonds that link together amino acids like meth I inning and veiling here thes bonds air referred to as peptide bonds, now the type of bond that links together carbohydrates. On the other hand, like these two carbohydrates right here, this bond is not a peptide bond. Instead, this bond that links together mono sacha rides is referred to as a glucose siddiq bond. And so later, in our course, in a different topic, we'll talk a lot more details about these, like acidic bonds. But for now, you can see that this is one of the key differences between proteins and carbohydrates, the type of bond that's used to link together the monitors. Now the third row here says number of linkage points, and this is referring to how the monomers can be linked together. And so when it comes to proteins and amino acids, amino acids really have just two linkage point. In general, amino acids can either be linked via their free amino group, or they could be linked to other amino acids via their free car boxer group. And so because they can really only be linked on the amino group or the car boxing group. This means that in terms of proteins, uh, they're generally going to be linear. And so you can see here we have a protein, uh, magic here that is linear in its formation because it really only has these two linkage points, however, when it comes to carbo hydrates. On the other hand, if we look at the number of linkage points, what you'll see is that there are many, many different linkage points. And because there are many linkage points, it means that it's possible for both linear and branch structures to be common. And so you can see here we have a linear carbohydrate, and over here we have a branched carbohydrate, and so, again later in our course, will be able to talk mawr details about these different types of carbohydrates, linear versus branched. But for now, you can see that this is one of the key differences between proteins and carbohydrates. Proteins are normally linear, whereas carbohydrates are gonna be commonly linear and branch now our last and final roe here says, is the molecule built from a template. Now, when it comes to proteins, you might recall that transcription is the process that builds proteins using an M R N a template. And so, yes, proteins are built from a template. They're built from an M R N a template. However, when it comes to carbohydrates, on the other hand, they are not built from a template. Instead, there are enzymes that build these carbohydrates, not using a template. And so we'll be able to talk. Ah, little bit more about this as we move through our course. But for now, this concludes our compare and contrast of proteins and carbohydrates, and as we move forward, we'll be able to apply these concepts so I'll see you guys in our next video.
5
Problem
ProblemWhich of the following is a monosaccharide?
A
B
C
D
6
concept
Carbohydrates
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All right, So in this video, we're gonna give you guys a little introduction to carbohydrate functions. And so recall we already mentioned in some of our previous lesson videos that carbohydrates are incredibly diverse when it comes to their biological structures and functions. And so some of their biological functions include acting as or participating in each of these four things that we have listed down below and notice that the numbers for each of these four things corresponds with numbers that we have in the images. And so the very first biological function of carbohydrates is that they act as short term energy sources, which is likely a function that you guys already knew about. And so it's interesting to note here is that carbohydrate oxidation is the central energy yielding pathway in practically every single cell. And so acting as a short term energy sources one of the primary functions of carbohydrates. And it's such a primary function that later in a different section of our course, when we're talking about carbohydrate metabolism, we're going to talk a lot of details about the ability of carbohydrates, toe act, a short term energy sources. But for now, if we take a look at our image down below. You can see that we've got this little thunderbolt here to remind you guys that carbohydrates can provide a spark of energy. Now, the second biological function that we have is that carbohydrates can act as structural and protective components. And so, as we move forward in our course, we'll see that carbohydrates actually make a part of the structures of nucleotides as well as part of the structures of plant and bacterial cell walls. And so if we take a look down below at our image number two, you can see that we've got this wall here that's built of carbo hydrates, and so you can see how they can act as structural or protective components. Now, the third function that we have is that carbohydrates participate in cell communication. And so, of course, what this means is that carbohydrates are gonna participate in cell recognition, cell adhesion and sell coordination, and we'll talk a lot more about cell communication and bio signaling later in our course. But for now, if we take a look at our image number three, you can clearly see that we've got some cells that are communicating and carbohydrates are indeed going to participate in this communication. The cell communication now, the fourth and final function that we have listed here is that carbohydrates can designate interest cellular localization. And so basically, what this is saying is that carbohydrate modifications to different molecules can determine the area that that molecule is gonna end up in within the cell and carbohydrate modifications can also determine metabolic fates of those molecules. And so, if we take a look at our image number four down below, you can see that we've got a cell right here and inside of the cell. We have all of these different organelles, the nucleus, mitochondria, rough er smooth er And what you'll notice is that we've got this molecule right here. This blue circle molecule and attached to our blue circle molecule is a carbo hydrate. And so the attachment of carbohydrate would be considered a carbohydrate modification, and you can see that that can determine the interest cellular localization. So you can see that our covertly modified carbohydrate molecule is moving locations within the cell from this area over to this area. And again, this is another type of function that we could talk more about as we move along through our course. But for now, this is just a general introduction to carbohydrate functions. You can see all of the different things that they're able to help us sell, do. And so this concludes our intro, and I'll see you guys in our next video.