Cyclic Monosaccharides

in this video, we're going to introduce cyclic mono sacha rides Now, before we get started. It's important to note that up until this point in our course, we've mainly been focusing on the open or linear forms of mono sacha rides. However, in Biological Solutions, most carbohydrates that have at least five carbon atoms exist in their cyclic forms. And so cyclic mono sacha rides are very important when it comes to biochemistry. Now, mono sacha rides can actually sick lies to for many different types of rings, including 3456 and sometimes even seven member ID rings. However, the most common rings are five and six member rings, and that's because five and six member ID rings are actually the most stable rinks. Now, mono sack rides that have a five member ID ring are called Furano sis and mono sack rides that have a six member ID ring are called piranhas is now. Of course, we know that the ending O S E indicates a sugar, but why the prefix if you're an and why the prefix pirate? Well, it's because Furano xyz resembled the structure of Furin, whereas PIRA noses resembled the structure of piranha. And so if we take a look at our image down below, over here on the left hand side, you can see that we're showing you the Furin ring structure and the Peyron ring structure down below. And so you can see that the Furin ring is indeed a five member ID ring. And so you can think the F and Furin is for the five member ID ring. And then, of course, the Peyron ring is going to be a six member drink. Now, one thing to not get tripped up on is that the Furin ring. Even though it is a five member drink, it does not have five carbons in its ring. Notice that it only has four carbon atoms in its ring and the fifth member is actually an oxygen atom. And the same thing applies for the Peyron ring. It is a six member drink, but it does not have six carbons in its ring. Instead, it only has five carbons in its ring and the six member is an oxygen atom, and the same thing applies to Furano, sis and PIRA noses. And so notice Over here we're showing you the formation of a fury nose and down below. We're showing the formation of a PIRA knows and so you can see that we're taking up at the top here, the linear form of de Frutos. And then we've got this muscle man here bending the D glucose molecule. And really, the muscle man is just here to help. You guys better visualized the bending of the molecule, but the muscle man does not represent an enzyme. As we'll find out later in our course, these cyclic structures will actually form without an enzyme. And so here we can see that the C five hydroxyl group is going to interact with the key tone here on the sea to carbon. And we'll talk more about this detailed reaction a little later in our course. But these two groups are going to react to create this fear or knows over here. And so you can see that the five member bring resembles the five member Furano string. Even though the double bonds aren't present over here, that's okay. You can still see the resemblance. And that's why we call this de facto for your nose. Now moving on to the image down below notice that we're starting with linear form of the sugar d glucose. And again, we've got this muscle man here just to help you guys better visualized the bending of the molecule. And the muscle man does not represent Enzyme. However, here noticed that the C five hydroxy group is interacting with the alga high group on the C one carbon instead of interacting with the key tone on the C two. And so really, that's the main difference that generates this pirate knows over here and again, you can see that this six member bring resembles the six member bring of the piranha, even though the double bonds here and here are not present over here, Uh, that's okay, because we can still see the resemblance. And so this is gonna be d glucose Pira knows. And so, really, this here concludes our introduction to Furano, Sis and PIRA noses, and we'll continue to talk more about cyclic mono sacrifice as we move forward in our course. So I'll see you guys in our next video

in this video, we're going to introduce a relatively easy way to convert Fisher projections into Hayworth projections. And so all we need to remember is that chemical groups that air pointing to the left of a Fisher projection are going to be pointing upwards in a Hayworth projections. And then, of course, chemical groups that air pointing right of a Fisher projection are going to be pointing downwards and a Hayworth projection and so we can see over here with this Fisher projection, all of the left pointing groups are gonna end up pointing upwards in the Hayworth projection, whereas all of the right pointing groups are gonna end up pointing downwards in the Hayworth projection. And so, if you remember the term up left ing, then you'll be able to associate left pointing groups of the Fisher projection with upwards pointing groups in the Hayworth projection. And then, if you remember the term down right, you'll be able to associate right pointing groups in the Fisher projection with downwards pointing groups in the Hayworth projection. So let's go ahead and apply what we've learned here in our lesson to the D glucose molecule that we see on the right. And so notice that we have these very specific hydroxyl groups highlighted here. And we want to know if these hydroxyl groups are going to be pointing upwards or downwards in the Hayworth projection. And so, looking at carbon number two right here, we can see that the hydroxyl group is pointing to the right, and so if it's pointing to the right, it's gonna be pointing downwards in the Hayworth projection. And so, with Carbon number two here, we expect the hydroxyl group to be pointing downwards so we could go ahead and put in an O. H right here. And of course, this means that the hydrogen atom going over here is gonna be pointing upwards since it's pointing to the left now moving on to Carbon number three, notice that Carbon Number three's hydroxyl group is pointing to the left. And, of course, if you remember left up lifting, you know that if it's pointing to the left, it's gonna end up pointing upwards in the Hayworth projection. So we know that the hydroxyl group is gonna be pointing upwards. And of course, that means that the hydrogen atom over here, which is pointing to the right is gonna be going downwards so we could put the hydrogen here and then last but not least looking at Carbon number four here, you can see that it's hydroxyl Group is also pointing to the right, which means that in the Hayworth projection it's gonna be pointing downwards and so we can go ahead and put in the hydroxyl group going downwards. And of course, this means that the hydrogen atom, which is pointing left, is going to be pointing upwards in the Hayworth projection. And so, hopefully, by remembering up lifting and down right, you'll be able to easily convert Fisher projections into Hayworth projections. So that concludes this part of the lesson. And again we'll be able to apply the concepts that we've learned here as we move forward in our course. So I'll see you guys in our next video

So now that we've introduced cyclic mono sacha rides like Furano, Sis and PIRA noses in this video, we're going to talk about how cyclic mono sacha ride structures are commonly depicted with Hayworth projections. And so if we take a look down below at our image notice on the left hand side. Over here we have an open chain or a linear form of D glucose. And, of course, we know that this structure here is an example of a Fisher projection. Now, over here, notice we have the cyclic form of D glucose shown as D glue cope, Ira notes, because it has a six member ring. And so here. What we're saying in this video is that cyclic mono sacha rides are depicted with Hayworth projection, so this is indeed a Hayworth projection. And so what you'll notice is that in Hayworth projections, these bonds towards the front are darker and thicker, and so the darker, thicker lines you can imagine them as popping out of the page at us so that these bonds are closer to us, as the readers and also noticed that we have these lighter, thinner bonds that air in the back and so these lighter, thinner lines, you can imagine them as going into the page so that they are further away from us as the reader. And so really, the Hayworth projection is supposed to bring a sense of three dimensionality. Just like the Fisher projection is supposed to bring a sense of three dimensionality now, also just like fish. There are standard Fisher projections where the Carbonnel Group is towards the top and the longest carbon chain is vertical. There are also standard Hayworth projections. And so the standard Hayworth projections will have what is known as the an American carbon on the right side of the structure and will define an American carbon later in our course. However, the an America carbon in this structure is this carbon right here. So theano Mary Carbon is on the right hand side, and with standard Hayworth projections, the highest numbered carbon so numbering these carbon, um, is going to be pointing up upwards, and so you can see that the highest number of carbon these red numbers show the numbering of the carbons, and you can see that the highest numbered carbon, which is carbon six year, it's pointing in an upwards fashion. And so, really, this is the standard Hayworth projections. But again, we'll get MAWR practice utilizing and recognizing standard Hayworth projections as we move along through our course. But really, the main take away here in this lesson is that Hayworth projections are used for cyclic mono sacha rights, whereas Fisher projections are used for linear monos Ackroyd's. Now, as we move forward, it's also important to keep in mind that Hayworth projections can actually sometimes be a little bit misleading. And that's because cyclic Monos, aka rides, are actually not plainer. So when we look at this Hayworth projection, you might assume that all of these carbons that are being shown here, all of the members of the ring I should say all of them, you might assume, are in the same plane because they appear to be flat in this Hayworth projection. But that's a little bit misleading, like I said, because the cyclic mono sack right here is not plainer. And that's because recall that every carbon atom is going to have a Tetra hydro geometry, and so later in our course, we're going to talk about other ways to display cyclic mono. Sacha rides And so this here concludes our introduction to Hayworth projections. And again, we'll be able to apply these concepts as we move forward in our course. So I'll see you guys in our next video.

so recall that in one of our older lesson videos we have talked about how to assign numbers to the carbon atoms of linear mono sacha rides. But in this video, we're going to talk about how to assign numbers to the carbon atoms of cyclic mono sacha rides, which is actually gonna be a little bit different. And so the carbon atoms in cyclic mono sack rides are going to be numbered based on positioning of what's known as the an americ carbon. But what in the world is the an American carbon? Well, the animator carbon is gonna be the Onley carbon atom that is co violently attached to two oxygen atoms directly And so, if we take a look down below at our cyclic sugar molecule, notice that the in America carbon is highlighted with this green background right here. And so, if we take a closer look at this animated carbon notice that it is directly bound to two oxygen atoms. One oxygen atom is the ring oxygen and the other oxygen atom is the oxygen of the hydroxyl group. And if you take a look at all of the other carbon atoms, none of these carbon atoms are co violently attached to two oxygen atoms like the an America Carbon is, and so that makes it pretty easy to identify the America carbon. Now, when it comes to numbering the carbon atoms of cyclic mono sacha rides, we need to prioritize making the an American carbon the lowest possible number. And so we want to assign the animator Carbon the lowest possible number. And so when we take a look at the an American carbon over here, the lowest possible number that we can give it is carbon number one. And then, of course, we could start the number of the carbons sequentially. Aziz, they are connected. So this carbon atom would be carbon number two. This carbon atom would be carbon number three. This carbon atoms carbon number four. This is carbon number five, and then carbon Adam. Number six is up here. And so this is the proper numbering of the carbon atoms in this glucose molecule in our example. And so, as we move forward in our course, we'll be able to get some practice identifying the an American carbon, and we'll get some practice numbering the carbon atoms of cyclic mono sacha rides. So I'll see you guys in our next video