In the context of Gibbs free energy, how is free energy typically released from ATP to drive endergonic cellular processes?

• A. By transferring electrons from ATP to NAD$+$, which is the primary source of ATP-derived free energy
• B. By hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), which has a negative $\Delta G$ under cellular conditions
• C. By breaking the terminal phosphate bond of ATP directly to release stored energy as heat without forming products
• D. By converting ATP to AMP without involvement of water or other reactants, making $\Delta G$ positive

Answer: (B)