Back(a) Estimate the total power radiated into space by the Sun, assuming it to be a perfect emitter at T = 5500 K. The Sun’s radius is 7.0 x 10⁸ m.
(b) From this, determine the power per unit area arriving at the Earth, 1.5 x 10¹¹ m away (Fig. 19–37).
A 12-g lead bullet traveling at 220 m/s passes through a thin wall and emerges at a speed of 160 m/s. If the bullet absorbs 50% of the heat generated, If the bullet’s initial temperature was 20°C, will any of the bullet melt, and if so, how much?
In a cold environment, a person can lose heat by conduction and radiation at a rate of about 200 W. Estimate how long it would take for the body temperature to drop from 36.6°C to 35.6°C if metabolism were nearly to stop. Assume a mass of 65 kg. (See Table 19–1.)
A leaf of area 40cm2 and mass 4.5 x 10-4 kg directly faces the Sun on a clear day. The leaf has an emissivity of 0.85 and a specific heat of 0.80 kcal/kg K. Estimate the rate of rise of the leaf’s temperature.
A mountain climber wears a goose-down jacket 3.8 cm thick with total surface area 0.95 m². The temperature at the surface of the clothing is -18°C and at the skin is 34°C. Determine the rate of heat flow by conduction through the jacket assuming (a) it is dry and the thermal conductivity k is that of goose down, and (b) the jacket is wet, so k is that of water and the jacket has matted to 0.50 cm thickness.
Estimate the rate at which heat can be conducted from the interior of the body to the surface. As a model, assume that the thickness of tissue is 4.0 cm, that the skin is at 34°C and the interior at 37°C, and that the surface area is 1.5m2. Compare this to the measured value of about 230 W that must be dissipated by a person working lightly. This clearly shows the necessity of convective cooling by the blood.
A leaf of area 40 cm2 and mass 4.5 x 10-4 kg directly faces the Sun on a clear day. The leaf has an emissivity of 0.85 and a specific heat of 0.80 kcal/kg K. Will the temperature rise continue for hours? Why or why not?
(a) Using the solar constant, estimate the rate at which the whole Earth receives energy from the Sun. (b) Assume the Earth radiates an equal amount back into space (that is, the Earth is in equilibrium). Then, assuming the Earth is a perfect emitter, (∈ = 1.0) estimate its average surface temperature. [Hint: Discuss why you use area A = πr²E or A = 4πr²E in each part.]
Approximately how long should it take 8.2 kg of ice at 0°C to melt when it is placed in a carefully sealed Styrofoam ice chest of dimensions 25cm x 35cm x 55cm whose walls are 1.5 cm thick? Assume that the conductivity of Styrofoam is double that of air and that the outside temperature is 34°C.
A ceramic teapot (e = 0.70) and a shiny metal one (e = 0.10) each hold 0.55 L of tea at 85°C. (a) Estimate the rate of heat loss from each, and (b) estimate the temperature drop after 30 min for each. Consider only radiation, and assume the surroundings are at 20°C.
How long does it take the Sun to melt a block of ice at 0°C with a flat horizontal area 1.0 m² and thickness 1.0 cm? Assume that the Sun’s rays make an angle of 35° with the vertical and that the emissivity of ice is 0.050.
Metabolizing 1.0 kg of fat results in about 3.7 x 10⁷ J of internal energy in the body. How long would it take to burn 1.0 kg of fat this way assuming there is no food intake?
The temperature of the glass surface of a 75-W lightbulb is 75°C when the room temperature is 18°C. Estimate the temperature of a 150-W lightbulb with a glass bulb the same size. Consider only radiation, and assume that 90% of the energy is emitted as heat.