in this video, we're going to begin our lesson on trans direction. And so recall from our previous lesson videos that trans duck sh in is another type of horizontal gene transfer or horizontal DNA transfer that's going to occur between cells and is mediated by what are known as bacteria fage viruses otherwise just known as fage is. And so bacteria pages or just fe ages are really just viruses that infect bacteria. Now to be a little bit more formal fage is can be defined as bacterial obligate intracellular parasites, which means that they have to infect living bacteria and use the cell machinery of the living bacteria to replicate. And so these fage is or bacteria pages, they are made of either DNA or RNA packed into a protein coat. Now these fage is or bacteria fage is what they do is they infect living cells. Then they use the cellular machinery of those living cells to replicate and then they ultimately end up listening the cell or causing the cell to rupture. And when the cell ruptures it releases new fage particles and those fage particles can be released and then uh initiate another infection of a different cell. Now transducer action again is going to uh involve horizontal DNA transfer Using these bacteria fage viruses. And so transaction it actually results from an air that occurs. And this error that occurs is consisting of bacterial DNA accidentally being packaged into the fage instead of viral DNA being packaged into the fage. And so when this error occurs and bacterial DNA is packaged into the fage. This creates what is called a transducer sing particle. And so a transducer particle is really justified as a defective fage that is carrying bacterial DNA instead of carrying its own viral DNA. And so this bacterial DNA can then be horizontally transferred to another organism. And so let's take a look at this image down below so that we can get a better understanding of the production of these transducer particles. And so what you'll notice is that once again we have our cell here is this circle and inside the cell we have the bacterial DNA. In the bacterial chromosome. And so this red structure that you see here represents the bacteria fage. And so what happens is the bacteria fage or just the fage is going to attach and it's going to inject viral DNA. And so you can see that the fage D. N. A. Or the viral DNA. Is being injected into the bacterial cell. And then what happens is fage enzymes which are also going to be injected or going to be generated. Uh These fage enzymes are going to cut the bacterial DNA. And so notice that the bacterial D. N. A. Is being cut into a whole bunch of different pieces. As you see here all these different pieces of the bacterial DNA being cut up. Uh then what happens is the bacteria fage D. N. A. Is going to replicate. And so you can see that as over here there was just one molecule of the fage D. N. A. In green. And now we have multiple molecules of the fage D. N. A. And in addition to the fage DNA replicating also, viral proteins are also going to be made. And so you can see that more viral proteins represented by these red shells here are going to be made. Now the transducer particle comes into play once again due to an error where bacterial D. N. A. Is accidentally packaged into the fage instead of viral DNA. And so what you'll notice is over here on the left hand side that in some cases an error can occur where bacterial DNA is packaged into the fage and ultimately the cell is going to lice to release the particles. And so what you'll see here is now you can see the cell is like icing or rupturing and the contents here of the cell are being released. And what you'll notice is that some of these bacteria pages are going to contain fage D. N. A. And green. Okay and this would be just another virus that could conduct another viral infection. But sometimes there is an error where the phase is going to be packaged with bacterial DNA. And that's what these little blue uh particles represent. Our fage is that contain bacterial DNA. And these fage is that contain bacterial DNA. We refer to these as transducer sing particles. And so the transducer particle is really just a virus a fage that contains bacterial DNA. And so when this transducer particle goes to initiate another infection for a different cell, for example, um it will be injecting bacterial DNA instead of injecting uh fage D. N. A. And so that is how genes can be transferred between different bacteria using bacteria. Fage is and this would be called trans direction. And so this year concludes our brief introduction to trans deduction and trans dosing particles. And as we move forward in our course, will be able to continue to talk more about trans deduction. And so I'll see you all in our next video.

in this video we're going to introduce two types of trans direction. And so the two main types of trans deduction are number one generalized transaction and number two is specialist transaction. Now generalized transaction is going to be when the transducer particle only contains bacterial DNA but it does not contain viral or fage DNA. Now specialized transaction is when the transducer particle contains both bacterial and viral or fage D. N. A. And so let's take a look at our image down below to get a better understanding of generalized transaction and specialized transaction. And so on the left over here what we're focusing on is generalized transaction. And so what you'll notice about generalist transaction is once again the transducer sing particle here is only going to contain bacterial DNA and it does not contain any fage or viral DNA. And so notice here that only bacterial DNA is being injected by the transducer particle. And so that would be generalized transaction. And over here on the right what we're showing you is specialized trans deduction and specialist transaction. Once again the transducer particle contains both bacterial and viral or fage Deanna. And so notice that the transducer particle here injects this D. N. A. Here which has both bacterial DNA in it here in this segment. And it has a fage DNA. Over here in this other segment. And so because the transducer particle contains bacterial and fage D. N. A. This would be a form of specialist transaction. Now moving forward in our course we're going to talk more details about generalized transaction and we'll also talk more details about specialized transaction as well. But for now, this year concludes our brief introduction to the two major types of transaction, and we'll be able to learn more about them as we move forward in our course. So I'll see you all in our next video.

in this video we're going to talk more details about generalized trans direction. And so recall from our previous lesson video that generalized trans deduction is one of the two main types of trans deduction. And so generalized transaction is going to be when the transducer particle only contains bacterial DNA but it does not contain fage or viral DNA. Now generalized transaction is called generalized transaction because it's capable of transferring any of the general genes of the donor bacterial cell. And so uh the reason that this is able to occur is because when the fage the original bacteriophage infects the donor cell. Uh it's going to be able to construct new fage particles but it will also construct transducer particles by mistake. And once again these transducers particles that are made an error are going to contain any of the general genes of the donor bacterial cell. And so once the transducer particle has been made, the transducer particle can then attached to a recipient cell and inject that donor DNA. That was accidentally packaged into it and then that donor DNA can then integrate into these cells chromosome. And so if we take a look at our image down below we can get a better understanding of generalized transaction. And so notice over here on the left we're showing you the formation of the transducer sing particle. And so it starts off with a bacteria fage a virus that's going to inject fage D. N. A. And then of course the virus is going to begin to replicate inform viral proteins. And then what can happen is more viral proteins. More viruses morph ages will be made that contained fage D. N. A. Which is in green. The fage D. N. A. Is in green here. But also occasionally a mistaken air can be made where the transducer particle is made. Where bacterial or uh from here the donor DNA from the bacteria can be accidentally integrated into um the fage. And so this forms the transducer particle. Then the trans dosing particle can go on to carry out transaction. And so the transducer particle is able to bind to the recipient cell. So it will bind it binds to the recipient cell. And then the donor D. N. A. That was accidentally packaged into the transducer particle is going to enter the recipient self. And so you can see the donor DNA is being injected and it's going to enter into the recipient cell. And then that donor D. N. A. That was injected can then integrate into the recipients chromosome. And so you can see here in this image that right here is the integrated donor DNA. And so that integrated donor DNA came from another bacterial cell originally. And the way that it was horizontally transferred over was via a bacteria fage a trance inducing particle. And so this is why this is called trans direction because it does involve fage is and so this here concludes our brief lesson on generalized transaction and how it can transfer any of the general genes of the donor bacterial cell. And so we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts that we've learned in general transaction as we move forward. And then we'll be able to learn about specialized transaction. And so once again recall that generalized transaction, it's only going to contain bacterial D. N. A. And it does not contain viral DNA. And so I'll see you all in our next video.

in this video we're going to talk more details about specialized trans direction. And so recall from our previous lesson videos, that specialist transaction is one of two main types of transaction. And this is going to be a type of transaction in which the transducer particle contains both bacterial and fage D. N. A. Now unlike generalized transaction which transfers any of the general genes of the bacterial chromosome, specialized transaction can only transfer very specific or very specialised genes of the donor or bacterial cell. And so really the genes that can be transferred are going to be the ones that allow for the formation of what's called a pro fage. And so what happens is the bacteria fage the bacteria fage D. N. A. Is going to integrate into the donor cells chromosome to generate what's known as a pro Feige. And a pro fes is basically just when the fage D. N. A. Is uh integrated uh into the cells chromosome. And so ultimately what happens is the pro phase is going to be ex iced or removed. And occasionally when the pro phases X iced. Part of the donor cells chromosome all D. N. A. Can be X. Iced with it. And so you end up getting a molecule that has both uh fage D. N. A. And bacterial DNA. And so the fage assembly ends up producing transducer particles that contain or carry both fage DNA. As well as bacterial or donor DNA. And ultimately the transducer particle will go on to inject the bacterial D. N. A. And that bacterial D. N. A. Is going to integrate uh into the recipient cells chromosome and the fage D. N. A. Is going to be degraded. And so this allows for the transfer of a gene from one cell to another cell. And these jeans once again are going to be very very specific or specialised genes, not just any general jean. And so if we take a look at this image down below we can get a better understanding of specialized transaction. And so notice on the far left what we're showing you is the original bacteria fage um infecting a cell. And so the fage D. N. A. Is going to enter into the donor cell here. And this is the page D. N. A. Then the fage DNA is going to have the ability to integrate and form what we call a pro fage. And so what you can see here is now we've got the the fage DNA which is in green, it's now integrated into the bacterial chromosome. And so we call this the pro fage Now ultimately this profile page is going to be excited. It's going to be removed. And occasionally when the pro fes is X. Iced, it will also remove with it a part of the donor cells. D. N. A. Or part of the bacterial chromosomes DNA. And so you can see that when this bacterial uh when this uh of fage DNA is X. Iced. When the pro fage is excited it can take with it part of the chromosomes DNA as well. And so the excites DNA contains both bacterial and fage D. N. A. And a single molecule. And so when the transducer particles are formed they are going to be carrying both fage and donor DNA. Or bacterial DNA. And so these are going to be transducer particles and notice that these transducers particles contain both fage D. N. A. And bacterial or donor DNA. And so when the cell lice is here these transducers particles can be released and then they can go onto a neighboring cell. So this would be a neighboring recipient cell and it can basically bind to the recipient cell. And uh inject the DNA that has both fage and bacterial DNA. And then uh the donor DNA that is injected will integrate. Whereas the fage D. N. A. Is going to be degraded. And so you can see the fage D. N. A. Is being degraded over here. Whereas the donor DNA will actually integrate into the recipient cells chromosome. And so what we're seeing is that uh donor DNA from the original cell is being transferred over to a recipient cell. And so this uh transfer of this gene is occurring via a transducer particles. So this is trans deduction. And so once again this is specialized transaction because only very specific or specialised genes will be transferred in this way. And really it's only going to be the ones in which the genes in which the pro fage can form. And so if the pro fage can form within the gene then it will be able to be ex iced and be transferred via specialized transaction. And so not all the pro fage cannot form in all jeans. And that's why it's not general. Not any general jean can be transferred. Only very specific and specialized genes can be transferred. And so this year concludes our brief introduction to specialist trans abduction, a trance inducing particle containing both bacterial and fage D. N. A. And only transfers very specific or specialised genes. And so we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward. So I'll see you all in our next video.