Other Types of Staining

in this video, we're going to talk about some other types of staining. Specifically special staining. And so special staining as its name implies, is going to use really special procedures to stain very specific structures either on the inside or on the outside of cells. Now, examples of special stains include the capsule stain endospore stains and flood gela stains. And so if we take a look at our example down below, we can see today's special special staining which is going to be used to stain very specific cell structures and so on the far left. We're showing you the example of the capsule stain which is going to be standing the capsule of bacteria. And so here we're showing you the bacteria of the human eye. Uh they're capsules being stained here in white so you can see that you're able to actually visualize the capsules this barrier that surrounds the cell um as these white borders because of the particular stain that's being used here. Now, next, what we're showing you here is the endospore stain and the endospore stain, as its name implies, allows for the visualization of endo sports. And so here in this image we're staining the end of spores of the bacterium, bacillus cereus and the end of sports are showing up as this bluish greenish color. So all of these little blue dots that you see represent. The endospore is being formed by this particular bacteria. Now last but not least over here on the far right, we're showing you another example of a special stain called the flood gela stain, which as its name implies, allows for the visualization of flow gela. And so here it's showing you the flow gela of the same bacterium, bacillus cereus. And so you can see all of the flow gela branching off of this bacteria. Now notice over here on the left hand side, it's also showing you the same bacteria bacillus cereus is being shown in the left and the right in the middle and the right image. But notice that none of the flow gela are actually being visualized over here on the left hand side. But that that is because the flood gela stain is not being used over here. But as soon as the flu gela state is used, notice that where the scientists are able to visualize the flow gela. And so this shows you the importance of using these special stains to be able to visualize the specific structures of interest a lot more easy or a lot easier. And so this here concludes our brief lesson on special standing and we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward. So I'll see you all in our next video.

in this video, we're going to talk a little bit more about fluorescent dyes. And so recall from our previous lesson videos that floor chrome dyes and immuno fluorescence can be used to observe cells and or sell components and recall that immuno fluorescence is a very specific technique that combines a floor chrome or a fluorescent dye with an antibody protein. And this will allow for the tagging of very specific objects and very specific molecules. And it's also worth noting that some fluorescent dyes can actually be changed by cellular processes. And so therefore some fluorescent dyes can be used to distinguish between living cells that contain those cellular processes, and dead cells distinguish the living from the dead cells that the dead cells do not contain those cellular processes. And so if we take a look at our image down below, what we're showing you is an image of immuno fluorescence which is going to use a floor chrome combined with an antibody. And so over here on the far left, what we're showing you is the flora chrome, which is in red. These red circles are these floor chrome molecules or these fluorescent dyes that will flatter us. And uh in the bottom and green we're showing you the antibodies which are these y shaped proteins. And these y shaped protein antibodies are capable of binding to very specific antigens. Antigens are going to be molecules that antibodies bind to. And so over here, what you can see is that the antibodies and floor chrome's are combined together to create a single molecule. And over here, what we have is a string of bacteria that all contain these antigens, these very specific antigens. And so the antibody, this y shaped protein is going to be specific to binding to the anti jim. And the floor chrome is only going to fluoresce when the antibody actually does bind to the Auntie jen. And so if we take a look at this image over here, on the right notice that all of the Y shaped antibodies are binding to the antigen on the surface of the bacteria. And so at that point each of these floor combs is going to fluoresce and that florescent can be detected. And ultimately, this is what we're seeing here in this image here is the fluorescence due to immuno fluorescent. The use of the antibody here. And so this year concludes our brief introduction to fluorescent dyes and immuno fluorescence. And once again, we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward. So I'll see you all in our next video.