19. Innate Immunity
Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes
1
concept
Granulocytes
3m
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in this video, we're going to begin our lesson on granular sites which are cells of the innate immune system. And so these granular sites are white blood cells or Lucas sites with visible cytoplasmic Granules which is really implied by their name. You can see the Granules within their name. And so these Granules are cell structures that contain compounds that are used for protective functions and are visible under a light microscope. Now really, there are three main types of granular sites that are named based off of the staining properties of their Granules. And so the first main type of granular site are going to be the neutrophils. And the neutrophils actually have a nucleus with five lobes. So they have a five lobed nucleus and they have really small Granules which really do not stain very well. And so they're Granules remain somewhat of a neutral color, which is why they're referred to as these neutrophils. Now, neutrophils are also sometimes referred to as poly morpho nuclear neutrophils because polly is a route that means many and morph O nuclear is talking about a morphed nucleus. And so uh these are abbreviated as P. M. Ends. And so if we take a look at our image down below, notice, over here on the left hand side, we're showing you the granule O sites and notice that we're showing you the neutrophils on the far left and noticed that they have five lobed nucleus. And uh they're Granules are so small that they don't stand very very well. Now, the next type of granular site that we have here are the ceo cinephiles and the eo cinephiles have 2 to 3 lobes in their nucleus. And they have larger Granules that stain a reddish orange color. And so if we take a look at our image down below, at the EO center fills, notice that their nuclei have uh 2 to 3 lobes and they have these larger Granules that stand a reddish color. And then the last type of granule, a site is going to be the base so fills and the base of Phil's have two lobed nucleus and they have larger Granules that stay in a darker blue or purple color. And so if we take a look at the base of Phil's down below, over here notice they have a nucleus with two lobes and they have these larger Granules that stay in a purplish, bluish color. And so if you take a look at our map over here on the left hand side, noticed that the granular sites are right here and they're derived from common myeloid progenitor cells which again are derived from the hematopoietic stem cell. And noticed that all of these other cell types that you see here from our map are all great out because we're not focusing on those those cells at the moment. Now, as we move forward in our course, we'll be able to talk a little bit more details about each of these different types of granular sites. The neutrophils, yo cinephiles and basil fills. And so this here concludes our brief introduction to the granular sites, and once again, we'll be able to learn more about them as we move forward, so I'll see you all in our next video.
2
concept
Neutrophils
5m
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in this video, we're going to talk some more details about neutrophils. And so recall from our last lesson video that neutrophils are one of the three types of granulomas sites. And so these neutrophils are the most abundant Type of leukocyte or the most abundant type of white blood cells in the blood. In fact they can make up to 70% of all Lucas sites and the blood which is the overwhelming majority. And so these neutrophils, they also will be able to migrate to different locations via the bloodstream and they are able to respond to a site of infection or tissue damage. And usually they are going to be the first to respond to an infection or tissue damage. So they are going to be the first cells to be recruited to the site of infection or the site of damage. Now the Granules that these neutrophils contain are going to have a variety of different anti microbial peptides, including defenses as well as hydrolic enzymes that have the ability to degrade microbes and destroy microbes. Now the Granules themselves can also be released into the environment and this process of releasing the Granules is referred to as d degranulation. And uh so these Granules, they can either be released through degranulation or the neutral field could destroy the microbes during faga site. Oh sis and soe faga psychosis is the process of ingesting and digesting material that has been brought in from the outside and this includes invading microbes and so to go psychosis is sometimes referred to as cell eating. Now, another really interesting thing that these neutrophils can do is they can actually release new truffle extra cellular traps or nets which really act as webs of chroma tin. So they essentially release their own D. N. A. Into the environment to serve as a net or a trap that well once again trap uh infecting microbes in their DNA that they release and trapping the microbes can be an important defense mechanism. And so if we take a look at our image down below notice on the left hand side we're showing you our little map of the granule. Oh sites and we're focusing specifically on these neutrophils at the moment. And so notice that these neutrophils. Again they have these five lobes. They have these smaller Granules that do not stain very well. And here is an image of what a neutral field could look like under a microscope. Now notice that here we're showing you an image of some kind of sharp object penetrating into the skin and penetrating tissue. And when a sharp object here penetrates into the tissue it can create uh an area where microbes pathogenic bacteria might be able to enter into our tissues. And so notice that neutrophils are usually the first cells to respond to the injury and the first cells to be recruited to the site of infection or the site of damage. And notice that these neutrophils they travel through the bloodstream and they're able to leave the bloodstream into the site of infection. Now these neutrophils are geared to fight the pathogenic microbes to defend us from these pathogenic microbes. And so they can do this either via Figo site. Oh sis where they can ingest microbes and degrade microbes. They can also like what this neutral Phil is doing. They can d granule eight which recall means they can release their cytoplasmic Granules into the environment so that those cytoplasmic Granules can act on those microbes and destroy the microbes. And they can also release those nets or those neutrophils. Extra cellular traps or nets that once again served as webs of chroma tin to trap infecting microbes. And so notice here in this image right here we're showing you a neutral fill that is releasing its net. It's a web of D. N. A. To trap the microbes. And so these neutrophils. Another thing they can do is they can also recruit other immune cells to fight the infection. And so notice that these wandering macrophages are also being recruited to this area so that they can also help fight off these microbes that have invaded. And so this year concludes our brief lesson on neutrophils and we'll be able to apply some of these concepts as we move forward in our course and also learn about the other granular sites as well uh including sf fills and basic skills as we move forward. And so I'll see you all in our next video
3
Problem
ProblemWhich granulocyte is the first to respond to an infection, has hydrolytic enzymes in its granules, and possesses the ability of phagocytosis?
A
Basophil.
B
Eosinophil.
C
Neutrophil.
D
Macrophage.
4
concept
Eosinophils
2m
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in this video we're going to briefly discuss EO cinephiles and so recall from some of our previous lesson videos that EO cinephiles are one of the three types of granule O sites and the primary role of ceo cinephiles is to protect against parasitic worms or helmets. Now the Granules of these EO cinephiles actually have antimicrobial substances that bind parasites and they also contain enzymes that disrupt the membrane permeability of those parasites. And so these pills are geared to destroying and killing these parasitic worms or helmets that may try to invade and infect our bodies. Now pills can also be involved with the symptoms associated with allergies and so we'll be able to talk a little bit more about allergies later in our course. But for now, take a look at our image down below. On the left hand side notice we're focusing in on the granuloma spikes, specifically the E. O. Cinephiles which are derived from common myeloid progenitor cells. And again, these E. O. Cinephiles here we're showing you an Eo cena Phil. Um and these Phil is going to contain these cytoplasmic Granules that can stain a reddish color and they can be released into the environment so that their antimicrobial substances and enzymes can help defend against parasitic worms such as this helmet that you see right here And so these pills again are important for defending against parasitic worms and helmets and can also be important for some of the symptoms associated with allergies. And so this here concludes our brief lesson on E. O. Cinephiles. And once again we'll be able to apply some of these concepts as we move forward, and then we'll get to talk a little bit about the last type of granule site the beso fills, and so I'll see you all in our next video.
5
concept
Basophils
3m
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in this video, we're going to talk some more details about beso fills and so recall from some of our previous lesson videos that beso fills are one of the three types of granular sites. And so these beso fills like yo cinephiles are also involved in allergic reactions. But the beso fills are also really important for inflammation and the inflammation response during an infection. And so these basic skills will produce a molecule known as histamine. And this molecule histamine is going to be released during inflammation and it will promote inflammation by increasing capillary permeability or the permeability of the capillaries. And the permeability is how easily penetrate herbal it is. And so this histamine molecule that is released by increasing capillary permeability. It will allow other defense cells to easily leave the bloodstream and enter into an infected area of the host so that they can help protect and defend the host. Now mast cells, our cells that are very similar in function to the beso fills. However, the mast cells are going to be found inside of the tissues and so they are going to be found in many different types of tissues rather than circulating through the blood, like what the beso filles du. And so these mast cells are going to be capable of detecting tissue damage. D granulated to release histamine and again the histamine can then induce inflammation and so notice down below and our image over here on the left hand side. We're showing you our little map of the granular sites, focusing specifically on the basis of pills this time, which are derived from common myeloid progenitor cells. And so the beso fills are going to be very similar to the mast cells. Once again, the beso fills are going to be in the blood vessels, basically uh circulating through the blood. And so over here on this side of the image, we're showing you specifically the beso Phil and the beso Phil is a granule site. So it's going to have these cytoplasmic Granules that stain a bluish purplish color and they contain histamine and so upon degranulation, releasing this histamine. Uh the histamine once again can lead to inflammation and so notice that the mast cells are going to be very similar to the basal cells except the mast cells are embedded in the tissues. And so you can see here the mast cells embedded in the tissues. And again the mast cells are going to be able to detect specific types of antigens or allergens molecules that can cause allergies. And again, they can lead to de granule ation and the release of histamine and their histamine can lead to inflammation. And so these basic skills again, they're important for allergic reactions and also important for the inflammation response. And so this year concludes our brief lesson on beso fills and mast cells and we'll be able to get some practice applying some of these concepts as we move forward in our course. And so I'll see you all in our next video
6
Problem
ProblemWhich of the following is a phagocytic cell found in the human body?
A
Eosinophil.
B
Neutrophil.
C
Basophil.
D
T cell
7
Problem
ProblemWhich of the following answers are characteristics or roles of granulocytes?
A
Release of hydrolytic enzymes that damage bacterial cell membranes.
B
Production and release of histamines which increases capillary permeability.
C
Release antimicrobial substances that damage the membranes of parasites.
D
Phagocytose invading microorganisms.
E
All of the above.
8
Problem
ProblemWhite blood cells are referred to as _________.
A
Platelets.
B
Erythrocytes.
C
Leukocytes.
D
Megakaryocytes.
9
Problem
ProblemTwo immune cells have very similar functions. Both immune cells release histamine and induce inflammation. However, _________ cells reside in specific tissues, while _________ cells travel through the blood stream.
A
Mast cells; Basophil cells.
B
Basophil cells; Neutrophil cells.
C
Granulocyte cells; Basophil cells.
D
Eosinophil cells; Dendritic cells.
10
Problem
ProblemIn type I allergic reactions, antibodies are produced and bind to:
A
Mast cells.
B
Neutrophils.
C
Eosinophils.
D
Monocytes.
11
Problem
ProblemGranulocytes:
A
Travel through the lymphatic system.
B
Are the most numerous leukocyte in circulation.
C
Develop in the thymus.
D
Do not contain distinct granules in their cytoplasm.