Glycolysis

In this video, we're going to introduce Glide, Kalle, ASUs and so Glide Colle. Assis is the very first step of cellular respiration, and it involves the breakdown of a single glucose molecule into two piru of eight molecules. And so when we take a look at the term glide calluses, you'll find these two routes embedded. You'll find the root glencoe and you'll find the root license. And so the root Glick oh, is a route that means sugar. And so glucose is indeed a sugar. And of course, the root license is a route that means to break down. And so when you put these two routes together, Glencoe and license, you get like calluses, which means really breaking down a sugar or breaking down specifically, glucose and glucose is gonna get broken down into two Piru bit molecules. So let's take a look at our image down below here at glide calluses and notice that it starts with a single glucose molecule, and it ends with two Piru V eight molecules, just as we indicated up above. Now it's very important to note that glucose has a total of six carbon atoms, and so notice that down below. We're representing Glucose as these six black circles, and each of these black circles represents one of the carbon atoms found in glucose. Now, glucose does have other types of atoms as well. But when your textbooks and professors are talking about cellular respiration, they mainly tend to focus on the carbon atoms of glucose. And so the glucose here starts with six carbon atoms. And at the end of cellular respiration, I'm sorry. At the end of like Kalle ASUs noticed that the glucose molecule was broken apart into two Piru molecules, each with three carbon atoms. So here we have one pirouette molecule, and here we have a second pirouette molecule. Now it's important to note that as we move forward with Arabic cellular respiration, all six of the carbon atoms that were originally found in glucose are all going to end up being converted to carbon dioxide or CO two. And this is specifically going to happen in the 2nd and 3rd steps of cellular respiration. So this is something to look forward to as we move forward in our course that all of the glucose molecules carbon atoms are all going to eventually end up as carbon dioxide and that carbon dioxide is ultimately gonna end up getting exhaled or breathe out into the environment. Now glide Colle Assis is the Onley step of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs outside of the mitochondria in the cell's cytoplasm. And so this is very important to note, and it's also Glen Collis. This is also the Onley stage of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen, and so that's also a very important key feature to remember about. Like Collis is Glen Collis is can occur in both the presence and the absence of oxygen. And that is not the case with all of the other stages of cellular respiration. So notice down below in our image. Here we have the process of glide. Collis is here in this box, which takes a single glucose molecule with six carbon atoms and breaks it up into two pirouette molecules, each with three carbon atoms, and notice that the process of glide collis iss is occurring on the outside of the mitochondria. So here we have the mitochondria, but like colossus occurs on the outside of the mitochondria, and it's the Onley stage of Arabic cellular respiration that occurs outside of the mitochondria. All of the other stages occur inside of the mitochondria. And once again, like dialysis is the Onley stage that does not require oxygen. Now here, down below. Noticed that were saying that Glen Collis is occurs once again outside mitochondria, specifically in the cells Cytoplasm. So the location of like dialysis is definitely an important feature to remember because like Collis occurs outside of the mitochondria in the cell cytoplasm and all of the other stages occur inside of the mitochondria. Now this here concludes our brief introduction to Glide Collis is and will continue to talk. Maura Maura, about Glen Collis as we move forward here in our course, so I'll see you all in our next video.

Where does the first stage of aerobic cellular respiration take place within a cell?

a) Mitochondrial matrix.

b) Inner mitochondrial membrane.

c) Intermembrane space.

d) Cytoplasm.

• A. Mitochondrial matrix.
• B. Inner mitochondrial membrane.
• C. Intermembrane space.
• D. Cytoplasm.

in this video, we're going to begin our lesson on the phases of glycol icis. And so the first stage of aerobic cellular respiration which is glycol icis actually consists of a series of 10 reactions and these 10 reactions that make up like a'Lexus are actually split or grouped into two phases and these two phases we have number down below one and two. And so the first phase of glycol ISIS is the energy investment phase. And the second phase of glycol ISIS is the energy harvest phase. And so in the first phase of glycol, assist the energy investment phase, as its name implies, it's going to be a phase that requires an investment or an input of energy and that input of energy is going to come from using to 80 P molecules. Now the energy investment phase actually ends with the production of two glycerol to hide three phosphate molecules or to G three P molecules for short. And so glycerol, three phosphate or G three P is really the intermediate molecule between the two phases of glycol icis. And so the energy investment phase ends with G three P. And the energy harvest phase begins with G three P. And so in the energy harvest phase, as its name implies, it is going to harvest energy or in other words produce energy and it's going to produce this energy by forming two and a D H molecules and a total of 4 80 P molecules and these 4 80 P molecules are produced during the energy harvest phase. Now if we want to consider the net products produced from both the energy investment and energy harvest phase, then we need to consider this line of text right here and so the net products from one single glucose molecule going through the entire process of glycolic sis is gonna be the formation of two piru bait molecules. Since we know the glucose gets split and converted into two piru bait molecules, there will also be to N A. D. H molecules produced to n A D. H electron carriers produced. And in terms of the net amount of a T. P, there's actually going to be to net a tee pee molecules produced. And the reason for this is because even though 4 80 P s are being produced in the energy harvest phase, we have to consider that we had to use to a tee pee molecules and the energy investment phase. And so when you consider that there's only a total of two net a tps produced throughout this entire process of glycol icis. Now, the two piru baits that are formed are actually going to be transported to the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotic organisms and the mitochondrial matrix is really just the inside of the mitochondria. And this is where the next step of cellular respiration will begin. And so if we take a look at our image down below, we can get a better understanding of these phases of glycol icis. And so this entire box that you see here represents all of glycol icis which notice starts with a glucose molecule with six carbons and ends with two piru bait molecules each with three carbons. And so notice that this entire process of glycol is this is broken down into two phases here in red. We have the energy investment phase and then uh here in blue we have the energy harvest phase and right in between the two is the molecule G three P glycerol to hide three phosphate. And so in the energy investment phase, the first phase here, energy must be invested to a tee pee molecules are going to be used up, they're going to be burnt. And so that is the energy investment phase, Those 80 P. S are being invested to begin the process of glycol Asus and the energy investment phase ends with the production of two G three P molecules. As you see here, then the energy harvest phase over here is going to begin with those G three P molecules and through a series of many different reactions, the energy harvest phase is going to harvest energy by producing two N A D H. And by producing a total of 4 80 PS two here and two over here. And so if we are considering once again the net amount of eight ep molecules produced, we need to remember that in the energy harvest phase over here in blue there's a total of 4 80 P. S produced. However in the energy investment phase here we had to burn to a Tps consume to a Tps. And so we have to subtract four minus two to get a total of two net a Tps produced in the entire process of glycol icis from start to finish, including both the energy investment and energy harvest phase. And so these piru molecules are then going to enter into the mitochondrial matrix in order for the next step of cellular respiration to take place. And so this year concludes our brief lesson on the phases of glycol assist and we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward and continue to learn more as well. So I'll see you all in our next video.

in this video, what we have is a silly memory tool for helping you with remembering the phases of glycol icis. And so when it comes to the phases of glycol icis, you can remember that Gary invests to harvest his profits and travel to Mexico. And so if you can remember that Gary invest to harvest his profits and travel to Mexico then hopefully that can help you remember these phases of like Wallace. And so the G. And Gary here can help you remember that the process of glycol Icis starts with a glucose molecule which has six carbons represented by these six black circles that you see here. And then the I in invests is going to stand for the I. In the investment phase which is the very first phase of like hollis is where the cell needs to invest to a tee pee molecules. In order to get the process of glycol icis started then the H. And harvest is going to stand for the H. And the harvest phase of glycol assist, which is the second phase of glycol assist, where the cell can double the amount of energy that it invested. And so it's able to produce 4 80 P. S. And a total net of 2 80 P. S. Since it had to invest to a Tps to begin with, then the P. And profits is going to stand for the p and piru bait because this is ultimately what the process of glycol icis ends with the formation of 23 carbon piru bait molecules. So you can see those 23 carbon piru baits highlighted here and then Once these Piru baits have been formed, the process of glycolic this is over. So you can see here that the process of glycol ISIS is indicated by this green box. And what needs to happen is these two piru baits that were formed. They need to travel to the mitochondria. And so that is where this Mexico comes into place. So traveling to Mexico represents traveling the piru baits traveling to the mitochondria. And so that is where the second uh stage of cellular respiration will take place. And so notice here what we have in this image is a mitochondria that is chilling on the beach in Mexico, sipping on some pina coladas or something like that. And so hopefully uh this little memory tool here, Gary invest to harvest his profits and travel to Mexico can help you with remembering the phases of like dialysis. And so that being said, we'll be able to apply some of these concepts moving forward. So I'll see you all in our next video

So here we have an example problem that wants us to fill in the blank here, using one of these five potential answer options down below And the example problem says there is an energy investment step needed to get Glen Collis has started requiring the use of Blank a TPS. And once again, we've got these five potential answer options down below. And so what we need to recall is that Glen Collis is has two phases the energy investment phase and the energy harvest phase. The energy investment phase requires an investment of 2. 80 p s. And so really, that's what this example problem is getting at an order for the energy investment step to occur, it requires the use of 2. 80 p s. And so the correct answer here is going to be answer option A. Now, after the 2 80 p s have been used, then the cell can transition to the second phase of Glen Collis is which is the energy harvest phase. And the energy harvest phase produces a total of 4 80 p s and two and a. D h. And of those 4. 80 p s because two of them got burnt. Ultimately, it's on Lee, a net of two ATP's that are made. But once again, in terms of the energy that needs to be invested, it's to a TPS that need to be invested. So the correct answer to this example is answer. Option A. And that concludes this example. So I'll see you all in our next video.

Starting with one molecule of glucose, glycolysis results in the net production of which of the following sets of energy-containing products?

a) 2 NAD⁺, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

b) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

c) 4 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP.

d) 6 CO₂, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

• A. 2 NAD⁺, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.
• B. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.
• C. 4 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP.
• D. 6 CO₂, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

a) A net gain of four ATP per one glucose molecule.

b) Conversion of FAD to FADH₂.

c) Conversion of one glucose molecule to two pyruvate molecules.

d) Conversion of NADH to NAD⁺.

• A. A net gain of four ATP per one glucose molecule.
• B. Conversion of FAD to FADH₂.
• C. Conversion of one glucose molecule to two pyruvate molecules.
• D. Conversion of NADH to NAD⁺.